p1

• What is a compound?

  A compound is a substance that contains two or more different types of atoms chemically bonded together
• What is the chemical formula for water?

  H₂O
• How do you balance a chemical equation?

  You must have the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the equation
• What should you start balancing in a chemical equation?

  Start balancing atoms that are only in compounds
• What is a mixture?

  A mixture is any combination of different types of elements and compounds that aren't chemically bonded together
• What is an example of a mixture?

  Air, which is a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen
• How can you separate large insoluble particles from a liquid?

  You can use filtration
• What is crystallization used for?

  To separate a solute from a liquid after evaporating the solvent
• What is fractional distillation?

  It is a method to separate different liquids in a mixture based on their boiling points
• What are the three main states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What happens to particles in a solid?

  Particles vibrate around fixed positions
• How do you melt or evaporate a substance?

  You must supply energy, usually in the form of heat
• What do state symbols indicate in chemical equations?

  They indicate the state of substances: (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, (g) for gas, and (aq) for aqueous
• Who proposed the plum pudding model of the atom?

  JJ Thompson
• What did Ernest Rutherford discover about the atom?

  He discovered that the positive charge is concentrated in a small nucleus
• What are protons and neutrons collectively called?

  Nucleons
• What is the atomic number of an element?

  The atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus
• What happens when an atom gains or loses electrons?

  It becomes an ion
• What is the mass number of an atom?

  The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
• What are isotopes?

  Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
• How is the average relative atomic mass calculated?

  By taking the weighted average of the masses of all isotopes of an element
• Who developed the modern periodic table?

  Dmitri Mendeleev
• What is the maximum number of electrons in the first four shells of an atom?

  2 in the first shell, 8 in the second and third shells, and 2 in the fourth shell
• What do metals do when they bond?

  Metals donate electrons to achieve a full outer shell
• What are the properties of group 1 metals?

  They have one electron in their outer shell and are highly reactive
• What are halogens?

  Halogens are elements in group 7 that have seven electrons in their outer shell
• What are noble gases?

  Noble gases are elements in group 0 that have a full outer shell
• What happens to metals when they lose electrons?

  They become positively charged ions
• What is ionic bonding?

  Ionic bonding is the transfer of electrons from one atom to another
• What must the charges of all ions in an ionic compound add up to?

  They must add up to zero
• What is a covalent bond?

  A covalent bond is formed by sharing electrons between atoms
• What are simple molecular structures?

  They are individual molecules that can mix together and have low boiling points
• What is giant covalent bonding?

  It is a structure where atoms form covalent bonds to create one giant molecule
• What is the difference between diamond and graphite?

  Diamond has a strong covalent structure, while graphite has layers that can slide over each other
• What are metal alloys?

  Metal alloys are mixtures of metals that are stronger than pure metals
• What is the surface to volume ratio?

  It is the ratio of the surface area to the volume of an object
• What is the law of conservation of mass?

  The total mass of all substances is conserved in a chemical reaction
• How do you calculate the relative formula mass of a compound?

  You add up the relative atomic masses of all the atoms in the compound
• What is a mole?

  A mole is a specific number of atoms or molecules
• How do you calculate the number of moles of a substance?

  Moles = mass (g) / relative atomic mass (RAM)