Biology

• What is a gene?

  A section of a chromosome that codes for a protein
• Where are stem cells found in plants?

  In meristems
• What are the three types of blood vessels?

  Arteries, veins, and capillaries
• What is the function of a pacemaker in the heart?

  To control the natural resting heart rate
• What are antibiotics?

  Drugs that kill bacteria by stopping their growth
• How is cancer defined?

  A disease caused by uncontrolled cell growth
• How do viruses make organisms ill?

  They reproduce rapidly inside the organism
• What is resolution or resolving power in microscopy?

  Being able to distinguish the detail of a cell
• What are the consequences of a blocked coronary artery?

  • Reduced oxygen to heart muscle
  • Heart muscle cannot aerobically respire
  • Less energy for contraction
  • Can result in a heart attack
• What is cell differentiation?

  The process of a cell becoming specialized
• What is a chromosome?

  Long, thread-like structures made of DNA
• What are the two main stages of drug testing?

  Preclinical testing and clinical testing
• What is a double circulatory system?

  Blood flows through two circuits: heart-lungs-body
• What is the function of the cytoplasm in cells?

  It is the site of chemical reactions
• What is mitosis?

  A type of cell division forming identical daughter cells
• How does xylem tissue obtain water for transport?

  From soil, absorbed through roots by osmosis
• What is a eukaryotic cell?

  A cell with membrane-bound subcellular structures
• What is active transport?

  Movement from low to high concentration, against gradient
• What is the function of a valve in the heart?

  To prevent the backflow of blood
• What is osmosis?

  Movement of water from dilute to concentrated solution
• How do bacteria make organisms ill?

  Bacteria reproduce and release toxins damaging tissues
• What is a polymer?

  Large molecule made of repeating subunits
• How does the nose protect against pathogens?

  Hairs act as a barrier; mucus traps pathogens
• What are the five main tissues in a plant leaf?

  Epidermal, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem
• What is the test for sugars in a food sample?

  Add Benedict's reagent and heat at 80°C
• What is the result for the presence of sugars in a food sample?

  Colour changes from blue to brick red
• What is the test for protein in a food sample?

  Add Biuret reagent
• What is the result for the presence of protein in a food sample?

  Colour changes from blue to lilac
• What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

  glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide
• How does the skin protect against pathogens?

  Acts as a barrier
• What happens in phagocytosis?

  Phagocytes engulf and ingest pathogens
• What is a monomer?

  Small molecule that is a building block of polymers
• What is a pathogen?

  A microorganism that causes infectious disease
• What is the function of phloem tissue?

  To transport dissolved sugars up and down the plant
• Why do organisms need energy?

  For chemical reactions, movement, and keeping warm
• What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

  Ventricles
• What is the equation to calculate percentage change in mass?

  percentage change in mass = [(final mass - initial mass) / initial mass] x 100
• What is translocation in plants?

  The transport of dissolved sugars and amino acids
• What happens to a cell's surface area to volume ratio as it increases in size?

  It decreases
• What is antibiotic resistance?

  When bacteria are not killed effectively by antibiotics