Schaffer & Emerson (1964)

• • Schaffer & Emerson (1964) conducted a study on the development of attachment ​
• • 60 infants from working-class homes in Glasgow – the infants were aged from 5 – 23 weeks, and were studied until the age of 1 year ​
• • The mothers were visited every 4 weeks – at each visit, the mothers reported:​
• • Separation anxiety: how distressed the child became when separated from the caregiver (which suggests an attachment has been formed) ​
• • Stranger anxiety: distress shown when the child was left alone with an unfamiliar person (which suggests that the child can recognise familiar and unfamiliar people)​

   
• • Schaffer & Emerson used these findings to develop stages of how attachment occurs