Unreliable data

• • The data collected by Schaffer & Emerson may be unreliable because it was based on mothers’ reports of their infants​
• • Some mothers might have been less sensitive to their infants’ protests and therefore less likely to report them ​
• • Or they might report false data to suit societal expectations (social desirability bias) ​
• • This would create a bias, which would challenge the validity of the data