Psychology- issues and debates

• How do psychologists' beliefs influence their research?

  They may introduce bias into the research
• What does bias undermine in psychology?

  Claims to universality of conclusions
• What are the two forms of gender bias in psychology?

  • Alpha bias
  • Beta bias
• What characterizes alpha bias in psychological research?

  It exaggerates differences between genders
• How does Freud's theory exemplify alpha bias?

  It presents girls' morality as inferior
• Who suggested that daughters have a greater connectedness with mothers?

  Nancy Chodorow
• What does beta bias in psychological research ignore?

  Differences between genders
• What did Shelley Taylor et al. (2000) propose about female stress responses?

  Women use 'tend and befriend' response
• How does androcentrism affect psychological research?

  It presents a male-dominated perspective
• How many women were included in the APA's list of influential psychologists?

  Six women
• What is a criticism of the diagnostic category premenstrual syndrome?

  It medicalizes female emotions
• What are the limitations of gender bias in psychological research?

  • Gender differences presented as fixed
  • Underrepresentation of women in research
  • Misrepresentation of male and female behaviors
• What did Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) conclude about gender differences?

  They suggested differences are 'hardwired'
• What did Daphna Joel et al. (2015) find regarding gender differences?

  No significant differences in brain structure
• What is the implication of the findings by Ingalhalikar et al. (2014)?

  Some gender differences may be biological
• How does gender bias promote sexism in research?

  It leads to underrepresentation of women
• What did Formanowicz et al. (2018) find about gender bias research?

  It is funded and published less often
• What are the key concepts related to cultural bias in psychology?

  • Universality and bias
  • Ethnocentrism
  • Cultural relativism
• What did Joseph Henrich et al. (2010) find about research participants?

  68% were from the United States
• What does the term WEIRD stand for?

  Westernized, Educated, Industrialized, Rich Democracies
• How does ethnocentrism affect perceptions of non-Western behaviors?

  It views them as abnormal or inferior
• What criticism is made about Ainsworth and Bell's Strange Situation?

  It reflects American cultural norms
• What is an imposed etic?

  Applying one culture's norms universally
• What does John Berry argue about psychology's approach?

  It often assumes universality from emic research
• What are the limitations of classic studies in psychology?

  • Culturally biased
  • Conducted with limited participant diversity
  • Findings may not apply universally
• What did Takano and Osaka (1999) find regarding individualism and collectivism?

  No evidence supporting the distinction
• What is cultural psychology?

  • Study of cultural influences on behavior
  • Incorporates multiple disciplines
  • Aims to avoid ethnocentric assumptions
• How did early intelligence tests contribute to prejudice?

  They were ethnocentric and biased
• What was the outcome for ethnic minorities from early IQ tests?

  They were deemed 'mentally unfit'
• What are the implications of cultural bias in psychology?

  • Justifies prejudice and discrimination
  • Misrepresents cultural and ethnic groups
  • Affects research validity and reliability
• What do most psychological approaches disagree on?

  Causes of human behavior
• What does free will imply about human behavior?

  Humans can choose their actions
• What does determinism propose about free will?

  Free will has no place in behavior explanation
• What is hard determinism also known as?

  Fatalism
• What does soft determinism allow for?

  Rational conscious choices in behavior
• What does biological determinism emphasize?

  Role of biology in behavior
• What did B.F. Skinner say about free will?

  He described it as an illusion
• Who was the first philosopher to propose soft determinism?

  William James
• What does soft determinism suggest about human behavior?

  We can make rational conscious choices
• What does biological determinism emphasize in behavior?

  The role of biological factors