Psychology- schizophrenia

• What percentage of the world's population experiences schizophrenia?

  1%
• In which groups is schizophrenia more commonly diagnosed?

  Males, city-dwellers, lower socio-economic groups
• How can schizophrenia symptoms affect daily life?

  They can lead to homelessness or hospitalization
• What is the relationship between diagnosis and classification of schizophrenia?

  • Diagnosis distinguishes one disorder from another
  • Classification identifies clusters of symptoms
  • Diagnosis is based on identified symptoms
• What are the two major systems for classifying mental disorders?

  ICD-10 and DSM-5
• What is a key difference between DSM-5 and ICD-10 in diagnosing schizophrenia?

  DSM-5 requires one positive symptom, ICD-10 requires two negative symptoms
• Why were subtypes of schizophrenia dropped in DSM-5 and ICD-10?

  They were inconsistent over time
• What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

  Experiences beyond ordinary existence, like hallucinations
• What are hallucinations in schizophrenia?

  Unusual sensory experiences
• How can hallucinations manifest in individuals with schizophrenia?

  Voices commenting on or criticizing them
• What are delusions in schizophrenia?

  Irrational beliefs
• What are common themes of delusions in schizophrenia?

  Believing to be an important figure or persecuted
• What is speech poverty in schizophrenia?

  Reduction in the amount and quality of speech
• What is avolition in schizophrenia?

  Difficulty in initiating or maintaining goal-directed activities
• Who identified three signs of avolition?

  Nancy Andreasen
• What are the three signs of avolition identified by Nancy Andreasen?

  Poor hygiene, lack of persistence, lack of energy
• What are the strengths and weaknesses of schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Strengths:

  • Good reliability in diagnosis
  • Consistent application of criteria

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Low validity in diagnosis
  • Co-morbidity with other conditions
  • Gender bias in diagnosis
  • Culture bias in diagnosis
  • Symptom overlap with other conditions
• What does reliability in psychiatric diagnosis mean?

  Consistency in diagnosis across different clinicians
• What was the inter-rater reliability coefficient for schizophrenia diagnosis found by Uha et al. (2012)?

  .46
• What does low validity in schizophrenia diagnosis imply?

  Diagnosis may not accurately reflect the disorder
• What did File, Cheniaux et al. (2009) find regarding schizophrenia diagnosis using ICD-10 and DSM-IV?

  68 diagnosed with ICD, 39 with DSM
• What does co-morbidity in schizophrenia diagnosis refer to?

  Occurrence of schizophrenia with other conditions
• What is the gender diagnosis ratio for schizophrenia?

  1.4:1 (men to women)
• Why might women be underdiagnosed with schizophrenia?

  They have closer relationships and support
• What is culture bias in schizophrenia diagnosis?

  Different cultural interpretations of symptoms
• How does symptom overlap affect schizophrenia diagnosis?

  It complicates distinguishing schizophrenia from other conditions
• What did Gottesmann's family study reveal about schizophrenia risk?

  Risk increases with genetic similarity
• What is the chance of developing schizophrenia if one has an identical twin with the condition?

  48%
• What are the implications of family studies on schizophrenia?

  • Risk increases with genetic similarity
  • Correlation includes environmental factors
  • Supports genetic basis for schizophrenia
• What is the flaw in the classification and diagnosis of schizophrenia?

  Both are considered flawed.
• Who is Agapi and what does he experience?

  • Jamaican-born individual
  • Claims to hear voices
  • Believes his grandfather is talking
• What is the risk of schizophrenia for someone with an identical twin who has it?

  48% chance of developing it.
• What do family studies suggest about the risk of schizophrenia?

  It increases with genetic similarity.
• What is the significance of candidate genes in schizophrenia research?

  They indicate multiple genes are involved.
• What neurotransmitter is most likely involved in schizophrenia?

  Dopamine is most likely involved.
• What did Stephen Ripke et al. (2014) study reveal about genetic variations in schizophrenia?

  108 variations linked to increased risk.
• What is the role of 'de novo' mutations in schizophrenia?

  They can occur without family history.
• How does paternal age relate to schizophrenia risk?

  Older fathers increase risk in children.
• What is the best-known neural correlate of schizophrenia?

  The neurotransmitter dopamine.
• What does the original dopamine hypothesis suggest about schizophrenia?

  High levels of dopamine cause symptoms.