the endocrine system

• 2 types of endocrine glands

  1. Exocrine glands – examples are sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), mucous and digestive glands. These secretes substances into ducts that carry substances into cavities or to outer surface of the body.
  2. Endocrine glands – secretes hormones into extracellular space around their cell which is diffused into capillaries and transported by blood to target cells throughout the body
• functions of the endocrine system

  • Growth
  • Development
  • Reproduction
  • Metabolism
  • Homeostasis
  • Apoptosis
• types of hormones

  • Sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones = synthesized from steroid hormones 
  • Insulin and oxytocin = synthesized from amino acids
  • Hormone secretion is controlled by neural stimulation, chemical changes in blood and release of other hormones
  • Some hormones also act as neurotransmitters e.g. norepinephrine
• What hormones does the hypothalamus release?

  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone
• How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary gland?

  By releasing hormones that regulate it
• What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

  A stalk
• What are the two portions of the pituitary gland?

  Anterior and posterior
• Name one hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

  Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
• What hormone is also known as somatotropin?

  Human Growth Hormone (hGH)
• What hormone stimulates the thyroid gland?

  Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Which hormone is responsible for stimulating follicle development?

  Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• What does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) do?

  Stimulates ovulation and testosterone production
• What is the function of Prolactin (PRL)?

  Stimulates milk production
• What hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

  Oxytocin
• What is another name for antidiuretic hormone?

  Vasopressin
• Where is the pineal gland located?

  In the epithalamus of the brain
• What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?

  Melatonin
• What shape is the thyroid gland?

  Butterfly-shaped
• Where is the thyroid gland located?

  Wrapped around the trachea below the larynx
• What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

  Thyroxine (T4), Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin
• What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands?

  Parathormone (PTH)
• Where is the thymus gland located?

  Behind the sternum and between lungs
• What does the thymus gland secrete?

  Thymic hormones for T cells
• What is the length of the pancreas?

  5 to 6 inches long
• stress response

  • Initiated by the hypothalamus and stimulates the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response) and the endocrine system (hormones from the anterior pituitary gland).
  • Effects of long-term stress – especially caused by cortisol:
  • HTN
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Wasting of muscles
  • Suppression of immune system
• What are the small patches in the pancreas called?

  Pancreatic islets of Langerhans
• What dual role does the pancreas serve?

  Both endocrine and exocrine glands
• What hormone does the pancreas secrete from alpha cells?

  Glucagon
• What hormone is secreted from beta cells in the pancreas?

  Insulin
• What hormone is secreted from delta cells in the pancreas?

  Somatostatin
• How does hypersecretion of glucagon affect blood sugar levels?

  It causes hyperglycemia
• What is the effect of hyposecretion of insulin?

  It leads to diabetes mellitus
• What does hypersecretion of somatostatin cause?

  It leads to diabetes mellitus
• Where are the adrenal glands located?

  Above the kidneys
• What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

  Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla
• What does the adrenal cortex secrete?

  Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones
• What is the main mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex?

  Aldosterone
• What is the main glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex?

  Cortisol
• What hormones are mainly secreted by the adrenal cortex?

  Androgens and estrogens
• What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

  Epinephrine and norepinephrine