diabetes

• 2 main types of diabetes

  • Type 1 diabetes (IDDM) – is a hereditary lifelong condition where the body’s immune system attacks the cells that produce insulin. Most common in people under the age of 20.
  • Type 2 diabetes (NIDDM) – more common than T1 IDDM; over 90% of adults with diabetes have T2DM; Insulin levels may be normal, but body cells do not react to it properly, causing alterations in the metabolism of food. Pregnancy could cause higher blood glucose levels (gestational diabetes).
• What percentage of diabetes cases does Type 1 affect?

  10-15%
• What type of disorder is Type 1 diabetes?

  Autoimmune disorder
• What is essential for treating Type 1 diabetes?

  Treatment with insulin
• What percentage of diabetes cases does Type 2 affect?

  About 90%
• What is the primary issue in Type 2 diabetes?

  Insulin resistance
• At what average age does Type 2 diabetes onset occur?

  Around 40 years of age
• How is blood sugar controlled in the body?

  By insulin produced by the pancreas
• What happens to glucose when food is digested?

  Insulin moves glucose into cells
• What is glucose broken down into to produce energy?

  Energy
• What is the consequence of diabetes on glucose metabolism?

  Body cannot break down glucose into energy
• Why can't the body break down glucose in diabetes?

  Not enough insulin or ineffective insulin
• Are there lifestyle changes to lower the risk of Type 1 diabetes?

  No, there are no lifestyle changes
• How can the risk of Type 2 diabetes be reduced?

  Through healthy eating and regular exercise
• What is a key factor in achieving a lower risk of Type 2 diabetes?

  Achieving a healthy body weight
• risk for type 2 diabetes

  • Overweight or obesity
  • Unhealthy diet
  • Family history or type 2 diabetes
  • Asian, Black African or African Caribbean origin
  • Prolonged medications like steroids
  • High blood pressure
  • Gestational diabetes
• How often is someone diagnosed with diabetes in the UK?

  Every two minutes
• How many amputations does diabetes lead to each week in the UK?

  More than 169 amputations
• What is the mortality rate within two years for patients with major amputations due to diabetic foot complications?

  1 in 2 patients will die
• What percentage of people with diabetes die within five years of a major lower-limb amputation?

  80%
• What are the consequences of damage to micro-vessels in diabetes?

  • Peripheral neuropathy leads to no sensation
  • Ulcers develop due to trauma
  • Infection often ensues
  • Arterial blood supply is reduced
  • Ulcers become chronic with acute infections
  • Loss of digits, foot, or limb may occur
• How does peripheral neuropathy contribute to diabetic foot complications?

  It causes loss of sensation, leading to ulcers
• What typically happens to ulcers in diabetic patients?

  They can become chronic with infections
• What is the relationship between arterial blood supply and diabetic ulcers?

  Reduced blood supply contributes to ulcer development
• What can result from chronic ulcers in diabetic patients?

  Loss of digits, foot, or limb
• diabetic foot disease

  • Peripheral neuropathy (20- 40% of patients with diabetes)
  • Peripheral vascular disease (20-40%)
  • Foot ulceration (5% per year)
  • Foot infection and osteomyelitis (66% of ulcers)
  • Charcot’s neuroarthropathy BMJ, 2009

  Leads to

  • Chronic wounds
  • Critical limb ischaemia
  • Acute on chronic limb ischaemia
  • Loss of structural integrity
  • Necrosis

  Leads to 

  • Amputation