LECTURE

• What are the two main focuses of the study material?

  State building and economic systems
• What characterized the Indian Ocean trade routes?

  • Complex network connecting diverse regions
  • Initially dominated by Asian civilizations
  • Exchange of spices, metals, textiles, and ideas
• Who led the Portuguese in establishing dominance in the early 16th Century?

  Vasco da Gama
• What strategic points did the Portuguese seize control of?

  Cape of Good Hope and Strait of Malacca
• How did the Dutch and English impact Portuguese supremacy in the 17th Century?

  They challenged and established their influence
• What marked the shifting dynamics in the Indian Ocean trade routes?

  • Intense competition
  • Military conflicts
  • Establishment of trading posts and colonies
• What company emerged as a dominant force by the 18th Century?

  British East India Company
• What transformation occurred in global commerce from Asian to European dominance?

  It shaped global commerce and interconnectedness
• What characterized the Transatlantic Trade between the 15th and 18th Centuries?

  • Complex commercial networks
  • Exchange of goods, cultures, and human lives
• What motivated the Spanish in their conquests in the Americas?

  The allure of gold and silver
• What economic implications did the influx of precious metals have for Europe?

  It fostered inflation and financed exploration
• What was the Triangular Trade system?

  • Linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas
  • Manufactured goods to Africa for enslaved individuals
  • Enslaved individuals transported to Americas for plantation work
  • Produce shipped back to Europe
• What did the Treaty of Tordesillas aim to achieve?

  Divide newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal
• How did the Dutch and British challenge Iberian dominance?

  By establishing joint-stock companies
• What did the Dutch control by the 17th Century?

  Much of the sugar trade
• What were the key features of the Portuguese Maritime Empire?

  • Control over strategic points
  • Establishment of trading posts
  • Creation of Estado da Índia
  • Fortified settlements like Goa and Malacca
• What caused the decline of Portuguese naval dominance in the 17th Century?

  Economic and military pressures
• What legacy did the Portuguese Maritime Empire leave behind?

  Diverse cultural exchanges and trade routes
• What fueled Spain's economic prosperity during the "Golden Age"?

  Discovery of precious metals
• What were the challenges faced by the Spanish Maritime Empire?

  • Attacks from rival powers
  • Strained naval and military resources
  • Inflation from wealth influx
• What marked the decline of the Spanish Maritime Empire in the 17th Century?

  Peace of Westphalia and Treaty of Utrecht
• What cultural impacts did the Spanish Maritime Empire have?

  • Cultural melting pots in colonies
  • Columbian Exchange of crops and technologies
• What was the role of the Dutch East India Company (VOC)?

  Dominant force in the East Indies
• How did the Dutch Republic contribute to global trade?

  By becoming a financial hub
• What challenges did the Dutch Maritime Empire face?

  • Rival powers like England
  • Anglo-Dutch Wars
  • Territorial exchanges from treaties
• What led to the decline of the Dutch Maritime Empire by the mid-18th Century?

  Economic challenges and military conflicts
• What contributions did the French Maritime Empire make?

  • Shaping global trade
  • Cultural exchanges
  • Establishment of colonies
• Who led French exploratory voyages in the 16th Century?

  Jacques Cartier
• What was the significance of New France in North America?

  Secured territorial holdings and fur trade
• What marked a turning point for the French Maritime Empire?

  War of Spanish Succession and Treaty of Utrecht
• What legacies did the French Maritime Empire leave behind?

  • Cultural and linguistic influences
  • Contributions to global trade
• What marked the beginning of the English Maritime Empire?

  The reign of Henry VII
• What role did joint-stock companies play in the English Maritime Empire?

  Facilitated trade in the Indian Ocean
• How did England become a major player in the Atlantic slave trade?

  By dominating the triangular trade
• What ethnic group do the Asante People belong to?

  Akan ethnic group
• What period began with the reign of Henry VII?

  The Tudor period
• What groundwork did Henry VII lay for England?

  Strengthening the navy for maritime expansion
• Who were notable English mariners during the Elizabethan Era?

  Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh
• What event solidified England's naval power in 1588?

  The defeat of the Spanish Armada
• What was established in 1600 to facilitate English trade?

  The East India Company