SKELETAL

• What are the four components of the skeletal system?

  Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
• What is the primary function of bones in the skeletal system?

  To provide body support and bear weight
• How does cartilage contribute to the skeletal system?

  It provides firm yet flexible support
• What role do ligaments play in the skeletal system?

  They hold bones together
• How does the skeletal system protect organs?

  By enclosing them within bony structures
• Which bones protect the brain?

  The skull
• What is the function of skeletal muscles in body movement?

  They contract to move bones
• What are joints and their role in movement?

  They allow movement between bones
• What is the function of smooth cartilage in joints?

  It allows bones to move freely
• How do ligaments contribute to joint stability?

  They prevent excessive movements
• What minerals are primarily stored in bones?

  Calcium and phosphorus
• What happens when blood levels of minerals decrease?

  Minerals are released from bones
• What is adipose tissue's role in bone cavities?

  It serves as an energy source
• What is hyaline cartilage's significance in bone development?

  It serves as a model for most bones
• What are the three types of cartilage?

  Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
• What do immature cartilage cells end with?

  • blast
• What do mature cartilage cells end with?

  • cyte
• What do chondroblasts produce?

  A matrix surrounding themselves
• What is the perichondrium?

  A protective connective tissue sheath
• What does the outer layer of the perichondrium contain?

  Fibroblasts
• What does the inner layer of the perichondrium contain?

  Chondroblasts
• How do nutrients reach chondrocytes?

  By diffusing through the cartilage matrix
• What is articular cartilage?

  Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends in joints
• What do chondrocytes occupy?

  Lacunae within the matrix
• What does the matrix of cartilage contain?

  Collagen and proteoglycans
• What are the two types of cartilage growth?

  Appositional and interstitial growth
• How does appositional growth occur?

  Chondroblasts add cartilage to the outside
• How does interstitial growth occur?

  Chondrocytes divide and add matrix between cells
• What characterizes connective tissue?

  Spread-out cells separated by matrix
• What is the composition of mature bone matrix?

  35% organic and 65% inorganic material
• What is the primary organic material in bone matrix?

  Collagen and proteoglycans
• What is the primary inorganic material in bone matrix?

  Hydroxyapatite
• How can bone matrix be compared to reinforced concrete?

  Collagen provides flexibility, minerals provide strength
• What provides flexible strength in bone?

  Collagen
• What provides compressional strength in bone?

  Hydroxyapatite
• What are the three types of bone cells?

  Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
• What do osteoblasts do?

  They form new bone
• What happens to osteoblasts after they secrete enough bone matrix?

  They become osteocytes
• How do osteocytes maintain bone matrix?

  By producing necessary components
• What are lacunae?

  Spaces occupied by osteocyte cell bodies