Eukaryotic cells and organelles

• What type of nutrition do fungi have?

  Heterotrophic
• How do fungal cell walls differ from plant cell walls?

  Fungal cell walls are not made of cellulose
• What are the two forms of fungal cells?

  Single-celled or thread-like hyphae
• What are the functions of the cell-surface membrane?

  • Movement of substances in and out
  • Maintains stable internal chemical concentration
• What is the description of the nucleus?

  Large ovoid structure with a double membrane
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  Controls cell activities by regulating DNA transcription
• What is the shape of mitochondria?

  Rod-shaped or oval
• What is the function of mitochondria?

  Site of respiration and energy production
• What is the structure of chloroplasts?

  Oval-shaped with double membranes
• Where does photosynthesis occur in chloroplasts?

  In the grana and stroma
• What is the description of the Golgi apparatus?

  Flat, membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
• What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

  Packages proteins into vesicles and forms lysosomes
• What is a Golgi vesicle?

  A small, fluid-filled sac produced by Golgi apparatus
• What is the function of Golgi vesicles?

  Transport proteins and enzymes out of the cell
• What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  • Synthesizes lipids
  • Detoxifies drugs and poisons
  • Metabolizes carbohydrates
• How are cardiac muscle cells adapted to their function?

  • High number of mitochondria for energy
  • Well-developed sarcoplasmic reticulum for calcium storage
• How are alveolar macrophage cells adapted to their function?

  • Contain many lysosomes for digestion
  • Have a large surface area for phagocytosis
• What organelles are abundant in beta cells?

  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Mitochondria
• How are proximal tubule epithelial cells adapted to their function?

  • Microvilli increase surface area for reabsorption
  • Many mitochondria for energy
• What are two functions of the cell-surface membrane?

  • Regulates substance movement
  • Maintains internal stability
• What structures are found in the nucleus?

  Chromosomes and nucleoli
• What is the appearance of the Golgi apparatus?

  A group of flat, membrane-bound sacs
• What is one function of a lysosome?

  Digests waste materials
• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances
• What is the difference between a tissue and an organ?

  A tissue is a group of similar cells
• What is an organ system?

  A group of organs working together
• What are the main components of eukaryotic cells?

  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Cell membrane