Internal Factors

• What are internal factors of ethnic differences in achievement?

  Factors within schools and the education system
• What did Gillborn and Mirza (2000) find about black children's achievement?

  They were highest achievers at primary school
• What does Strand’s (2010) analysis reveal about black Caribbean boys?

  They made less progress than white peers
• What assumption do cultural deprivation theorists make about black children?

  They enter school unprepared for learning
• What is a label in the context of education?

  Attaching a meaning or definition to someone
• How do interactionists study labelling in schools?

  By examining face-to-face interactions
• How are black and Asian pupils often perceived by teachers?

  As far from the 'ideal pupil'
• What did Gillborn and Youdell (2000) find about teacher discipline towards black pupils?

  Teachers were quicker to discipline them
• What do 'racialised expectations' refer to in education?

  Teachers' expectations based on race
• What is the consequence of negative stereotypes in streaming black pupils?

  It can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
• What did Foster (1990) find about streaming black pupils?

  It can result in underachievement
• What did Wright (1992) discover about Asian pupils in a multi-ethnic primary school?

  They were victims of teachers' labelling
• What is ethnocentricity in the context of education?

  Believing one culture is superior to others
• How did teachers' assumptions about Asian pupils affect their participation?

  They were left out of discussions
• What are the three pupil identities defined by Archer (2008)?

  Ideal, pathologised, and demonised identities
• What characterizes the ideal pupil identity?

  • White, middle-class
  • Masculinised identity
  • Achieving through natural ability
• What characterizes the pathologised pupil identity?

  • Asian, 'deserving poor'
  • Feminised identity
  • Seen as over-achiever through hard work
• What characterizes the demonised pupil identity?

  • Black or white working-class
  • Hyper-sexualised identity
  • Seen as unintelligent and culturally deprived
• How are Chinese pupils viewed by teachers according to Archer?

  As passive and hard-working but negatively
• What are some responses pupils may have to negative labelling?

  Becoming disruptive or working harder
• What did Fuller (1984) find about black girls' responses to labelling?

  They pursued educational success despite labels
• What did Sewell identify as the four responses of black boys to schooling?

  Rebels, conformists, retreatists, innovators
• What are the characteristics of the 'rebel' response?

  • Visible and influential minority
  • Reject school goals and rules
  • Believe in superiority through masculinity
• What are the characteristics of the 'conformist' response?

  • Largest group of black boys
  • Keen to succeed and accept school goals
  • Friends from different ethnic groups
• What are the characteristics of the 'retreatist' response?

  • Tiny minority of isolated individuals
  • Disconnected from school and subcultures
  • Despised by rebels
• What are the characteristics of the 'innovator' response?

  • Pro-education but anti-school
  • Value education without seeking teacher approval
  • Maintain credibility with rebels
• What does Mirza's research suggest about labelling and self-fulfilling prophecy?

  Not all labelled pupils fail due to it
• What do Troyna and Williams (1986) argue about institutional racism?

  It is built into school operations
• What is critical race theory's view on racism?

  It is an ingrained feature of society
• What does Gillborn (2008) say about ethnic inequality?

  It is deeply rooted in education
• How does marketisation affect ethnic minorities in education?

  It allows negative stereotypes to influence admissions
• What is the ethnocentric curriculum?

  It prioritizes one ethnic group's culture
• What does Coard argue about Black culture in education?

  It is looked down upon and primitive
• What does the national curriculum emphasize according to the study material?

  It favors white middle-class culture
• What does the Gifted and Talented Programme aim to do?

  Meet needs of more able pupils
• What did Gillborn (2008) find about identification in the Gifted and Talented Programme?

  White students are more likely to be identified
• What did Tinkly et al. find about black pupils and GCSE tiers?

  They were more likely in lower tiers
• What does Gillborn argue about the underachievement of black boys?

  It is influenced by internal racism
• What does Gillian Evans suggest about ethnicity and achievement?

  It interacts with gender and class
• How do teachers perceive black boys compared to Asian boys?

  As disruptive versus passive and academic