milgram

• How does obedience differ from conformity?

  Obedience involves direct orders from an individual
• What was the focus of Milgram's research?

  Electric shock study on obedience
• How many male participants were involved in Milgram's study?

  40 male participants
• What role did the Confederate play in Milgram's study?

  He was the learner receiving shocks
• What was the setup of Milgram's electric shock study?

  Participants thought they were teaching another person
• What was the focus of Milgram's research?

  • Electric shock study
  • Conducted at Yale University
  • Involved 40 male participants
• What role did the Confederate play in Milgram's study?

  The Confederate pretended to be another participant
• What was the fixed role assigned to real participants in Milgram's study?

  They were always assigned as the teacher
• What did participants have to do if the learner answered incorrectly?

  They had to administer electric shocks
• How were the shocks administered in Milgram's study?

  Using a machine with 15-volt increments
• What was the maximum voltage participants were instructed to administer?

  450 volts
• What percentage of participants administered the maximum shock in Milgram's study?

  65% of participants
• What does Milgram's study suggest about human obedience?

  People often obey orders even when harmful
• How did Milgram relate his findings to historical events like the Holocaust?

  He suggested obedience to authority led to atrocities
• What were some variations in Milgram's study and their effects on obedience?

  • Orders given over the phone reduced obedience
  • Victim unseen slightly increased obedience
  • Same room with learner reduced obedience to 30%
  • Authority figure in normal clothes reduced obedience to 18%
• What was the effect of having social support on obedience in Milgram's study?

  Social support reduced levels of obedience
• Where was the original Milgram experiment conducted?

  Yale University
• How did the location of the experiment affect obedience levels?

  Rundown office reduced obedience levels
• What did Milgram argue about the realism of his study?

  Participants showed distress, indicating realism
• What are some ethical issues in Milgram's study?

  • Deception about the study's purpose
  • Participants not allowed to withdraw
  • Distress caused to participants
• What percentage of participants believed they were giving shocks according to Rosenhan's interview?

  70% of participants
• What did the French TV show replicate in relation to Milgram's study?

  Found similar levels of obedience
• How did participants in Milgram's study justify their actions?

  They blamed the experimenter for their actions
• What are the two categories of explanations for obedience?

  • Situational factors
  • Dispositional factors