geography paper 2

• Carlisle - flood desmond

  Location

  • north england and bordered by pennines and lake district
  • river eden flooded it on 8th january 2005
  • it’s the congruence of 3 rivers
• Carlisle

  Physical causes:

  • extreme weather, intense rainfall
  • lack of vegetation (less infiltration and more run off)
  • high drainage density
  • saturated ground (can’t absorb the water)

  Human causes:

  • development (homes) built on the flood plain - so it can’t absorb much water
  • urbanisation around the river increasing impermeable surfaces
• Carlisle

  Primary effects:

  • 3 deaths
  • 2000 homes and businesses destroyed
  • transport connections ruined
  • 2.5m water flooding in police and fire stations

  Secondary effects:

  • loss of electricity
  • schools shut for months
  • polluted water - lack of sanitation
  • virus and bacteria spread
  • 500 million pounds damage
  • homeless people
• Carlisle

  Primary responses:

  • emergency services helped people evacuate
  • tv and radio warnings
  • local people helped volunteer in centres

  Secondary responses:

  • build dams and resovoirs
  • keep levels of management
• Eden

  Physical factors:

  • cumbria is on west coast of UK, facing south west prevailing winds
  • wet and mild climate
  • wettest parts of UK
  • Eden basin is bordered by lake district and pennines
  • these areas are made from hard impermeable rock, so water cant soak into the ground (goes into river channel)
  • snow is common on high ground - adds water to river
• Eden

  Human factors:

  • there has been lots of development (homes) on floodplain which affects its ability to absorb water
  • lack of vegetation means there is less infiltration (more run off)
  • woodland has been cleared from eden basin (increases run off into river)
  • parts of eden basin have been drained for farming purposes, so draining ditches allow water to flow into river quickly
• River factors

  CLIMATE:

  rivers in wetter climates have higher discharge because there is more rain

  • high discharge increases erosion as river has power
  • it forms v shaped valleys in the upper course and a wide floodplain in lower course
  • transportation increases ad river has more energy to carry material
  • weathering increases sediment load and affects shape of landscape
• River factors

  GEOLOGY:

  • rivers flowing through areas of hard rock have less erosion because rocks are more resistant (less sediment)
  • rivers flowing through areas with soft rock have more erosion (more sediment)
  • landscapes with more resistant rocks have steep valley sides
  • landscapes with less resistant rocks have gentle slope valley sides
  • waterfalls form where there is a layer of hard rock over soft rock
  • interlocking spurs form when soft rock erodes first leaving hard rock sticking out
• River factors

  SLOPE PROCESSES:

  • vertical erosion makes valleys deeper increasing movement of material
  • mass movement adds more material to the river. It mainly occurs during cold weather (freeze thaw) and rainfall (saturated ground becomes heavier and less stable)
  • soil creep is when soil particles move down a slope because of gravity caused by contraction and expansion of soil
  • water makes soil expand and move down
  • when soil dries out it contracts and add lots of material to the river
• London:

  • sited on flat floodplain of river thames
  • 20% income comes from here
  • centre of uk transport (2 major airports)
  • it was a major port until 1981
  • companies are attracted to the region by the proximity to london, this increases jobs and wealth
  • has most foreign banks
  • 8.5 million people
• London:

  
  

  international migration: net migration in 2014 was 100000

  national migration: young adults move to city for work

  internal growth: more births than deaths

  
  

  Inner city has highest rate of migration

  • high skill people move in to work in high pay jobs
  • low paid migrants move in to look for jobs in service sector
  • longer migrants move to suburbs
• REBRANDING: improving a places image, involves regeneration

  advantages:

  • transport links were improved, docklands railway and jubilee line extension
  • environment has been improved, more green space
  • businesses have been attracted back, creating more jobs eg. canary wharf
  • population has increased and people have more money to spend in local shops
• REBRANDING:

  disadvantages:

  • local people were forced out, 36% were unskilled people, so they couldn't pay for housing since they weren't suitable for any jobs
  • traditional businesses were replaced with rich ones for wealthier newcomers
  • existing communities were destroyed, so local people moved to new towns on edge
• STRUCTURE:CBD: the city

  • building age is old and new
  • very high building density
  • commercial land use
  • bad air quality 

  INNER CITY: newham (low class)

  • old building age
  • high building density
  • residential use
  • poor environment quality, has less green space

  INNER CITY: chelsea (high class)

  old building age

  • medium building density
  • residential, more gardens
  • good environment
• Reasons to stop poverty:

  Create enterprise zones

  • this is beneficial for businesses, it provides them with less taxes, improved infrastructure, simple planning rules
  • this encourages them to locate in areas of unemployment
  • creates more job opportunities in rural areas

  Transport infrastructure:

  • new HS2 line increases capacity and allows faster journeys, this promotes industry and jobs in rural areas
  • new road that links Heysham port to M6 encourages businesses to invest by reducing travel times and easing traffic conjestion
  • creates more job opportunities
• Reasons to stop poverty:

  Regional development

  • ERDF has been used to promote growth in poorer rural areas by investing in small high tech businesses that provide training and funded infrastructure
  • Cornwall fast broadband attracts digital businesses, so new research in the region
  • creates more job opportunities and boosts local economy

  Common agricultural policy makes sure that EU farmers earn

  • includes farmer training, assistance for young farmers, and subsidies for rural diversification
• Factors that led to Eden flood:

  
  

  Antecedent conditions

  • november 2015 was 2nd wettest november recorded in cumbria
  • made soils more saturated and river discharge high

  Heavy rainfall

  • during storm desmond, more than 300mm rain occurred across cumbria in 24 hours

  Short lag time

  • rainwater across drainage basin reached Carlisle channel quiclky

  Blockages

  • debris carried by floodwater blocked bridges and channels, this forced water out of river

  Insufficient drainage

  • run off from impermeable surfaces in carlisle ran into drainage systems quickly, they overflowed and made floods worse
• STRUCTURE:

  SUBURBS: kingston on thames

  • new building age
  • high building density
  • residential, more gardens
  • high green space

  RURAL URBAN FRINGE: sevenoaks

  • new building age
  • low building density
  • residential use
  • very good environment.

  Variation:

  • environment gets poorer as you go in the middle of london, more cars buildings and less green space

  Contrasting inner cities:

  • chelsea is used for high class 
• BURNLEY:

  • town in lancashire, 20 miles from manchester
  • in early 20th century, it had a thriving economy of textiles and cotton weaving
  • after 1914 the textiles industry collapsed due to cheap imports
  • last cotton mill closed in 1980s, primary and secondary industries struggled
  • many factories closed in 1990s, leading to loss of jobs
  • the economy struggled to recover because unemployment was high and wages were lower than average
  • currently, service sector jobs here are low pay
  • there is less population growth - because people leave the area due to less job opportunities
• CARDIFF:

  • south wales, on coast
  • in 18th and 19th century it had lots of coal mining and iron working
  • in 20th century they declined due to overseas competition
  • they began cooperating and working together to recover
  • they improved transport infrastructure which attracted businesses
  • an advantage they have is that costs are lower, making regions work together
  • this has improved networks and attracted visitors
  • people have more money to to spend on services, creating more jobs in area
• ACTVITY:

  coastal management

  • some management strategies alter sediment movement, can reduce beach material so more erosion
  • coastal defences reduce erosion, direct effect on the coast as it protects landscape from changing

  industry

  • coastal quarries expose large areas of rock, vulnerable to weathering and erosion
  • gravel has been extracted from beaches for construction, more erosion
  • industrial growth to ports had lead to increased pressure to build salt marshes, building on them increases erosion as there is less land
• ACTIVITY:

  Agriculture

  • has a low economic value and its left unprotected (direct effect)

  stability

  • vegetation helps to bind soil together and stabilise cliffs
  • clearing vegetation exposes soil and under lying rock, leaving it vulnerable to weathering

  Development

  • coasts are popular places to live so they need development
  • they need more defences to protect all homes (positive direct effect)
  • indirect effect: change in transport and deposition of material
  • building restricts sediment supply to beaches, making them narrower so more erosion
• HUMAN PROCESSES:

  Settlement:

  • early settlers needed a water supply, somewhere that could easily be defended or sheltered
  • other factors: bridging points over rivers and availability of resources

  settlement influenced landscape:

  • land was concreted for buildings
  • rivers were diverted through underground channels
  • some channels were straightened or had embankments to prevent flooding
• HUMAN PROCESSES:

  Agriculture:

  • people have cleared the forest to make space for farming
  • arable: flat land good soil
  • dairy: warm wet areas, grassy fields
  • sheep: harsher conditions in uplands, lack of trees

  Forestry:

  • woodland is used for timber, recreation and conservation
  • coniferous forests have been planted for timber in straight lines
  • less deciduous woodland but its being replanted
• TNCS:

  • created more job opportunities, so more income
  • growth of london as a financial centre through tncs in banking sector, so more foreign banks
• how has migration affected london:

  • lead to more population growth, created strain on transport and services such as healthcare
  • asians and caribbeans migrated there durng uk skills shortage, created more ethic diversity
• why have some parts of cities faced decline

  • deindustrialisation and depopulation led to decline of london as decline of docks and manufacturing industries led to mass unemployment
  • families leave due to lack of jobs (depopulation)
  • decentralisation also because most businesses move out as rent is high in city
• HOLDERNESS:

  • 61km long
  • erosion causes 1.8m cliff lost per year
  • cliffs are made from boulder clay
  • it slumps when its wet
  • narrow beaches, less protection
  • faces prevailing wind direction, waves have power
  • eroded material is moved along south coast by LSD, this exposes areas of cliffs
• HOLDERNESS:

  reasons for hard engineering (groynes)

  • towns and villages
  • important infrastructure
  • gas terminal at easington

  defence problems

  • groynes protect local areas, but cause erosion because of narrow beaches
  • expensive
  • reducing amount of eroded material increases risk of flooding as there is less protection

  rate of coastal retreat along lincolnshire and spurn head has increased because less material has been added

  
  

  bays form between protected areas, which are becoming headlands and eroding more
• Levees: natural embankments along the edge of the river

  • during floods eroded material is deposited over floodplain
  • heavy material is deposited closest to the river channel as it drops first when the river slows down
  • deposited material builds up creating levees
• Deltas: low lying areas where river meets the sea

  • rivers are forced to slow down when they meet the sea, they deposit material
  • if the sea doesn’t wash away material it builds up and the channel gets blocked
  • the channel splits up into distributaries