Streamflow

• The type of soil in a watershed, vegetation cover, and topography can also impact streamflow rates.
• Climate change can alter streamflow patterns by affecting precipitation levels and increasing the frequency of extreme weather events.
• The streamflow equation is Q = A * V
• Weir measurements are based on the height of water above the crest of the weir.
• Precipitation, evapotranspiration, runoff, groundwater recharge, and storage changes are components of the water budget.
• Streamflow can be measured using weirs, flumes, or gauging stations.
• The water balance equation is used to calculate the amount of water that enters or leaves an area.
• It is measured as cubic feet per second (cfs) or gallons per minute (gpm).
• Streamflow is the volume of water flowing through a river or stream at any given time.
• Cross-sectional area (A) is calculated from channel width (W) and mean depth (d).
• Evaporation refers to the process whereby water from bodies of water or land surfaces returns to the atmosphere as vapor.
• Discharge coefficients vary depending on the shape of the cross section.
• Average annual flow is calculated by dividing total discharge over one year by 365 days.
• Average annual flow (Q) is calculated using the formula Q = C * R^2/3 * S^5/3 where C is the discharge coefficient, R is the radius of the cross-sectional area, and S is the slope of the channel.
• Groundwater recharge occurs when rainfall seeps into the soil and replenishes aquifers.
• Discharge rate (q) is calculated from cross-sectional area (A), velocity (V), and depth (d).
• Discharge (Q) is the volume of water passing through a cross-sectional area at any given time.
• Streamflow rate (Q) is measured in cubic feet per second or gallons per minute.
• Precipitation is the total amount of rainfall over a specific period of time.
• Velocity (V) is determined by measuring the distance traveled over a known period of time.
• Base flow occurs between peak flows and represents natural discharge from streams.
• Peak flows occur during storm events when rainfall exceeds infiltration capacity.
• Runoff is the portion of precipitation that flows across the ground's surface instead of being absorbed by it.
• Precipitation is the total amount of rainfall or snowmelt over a specific period of time.
• Runoff is the portion of precipitation that flows across the surface of the ground instead of being absorbed by it.
• Gauging station data includes stage height, discharge rate, date/time, and other relevant information.
• Infiltration is the movement of water into soil pores and cracks.
• Depth (d) refers to the height of the water surface above the bed of the river.
• The Manning equation relates streamflow to channel characteristics, including slope, roughness coefficient, and hydraulic radius.
• Cross-sectional area (A) is the horizontal projection of the channel's vertical section.
• The discharge equation can be used to calculate streamflow rate based on cross-sectional area, velocity, and depth.
• Runoff is the portion of precipitation that flows across the land surface as surface runoff.
• Rainfall runoff is the amount of precipitation that becomes part of the river system.
• Infiltration is the process by which precipitation enters the ground surface.
• Manning's n value ranges from 0.014 to 0.078 depending on surface conditions.
• Baseflow is the portion of streamflow that comes from groundwater sources.
• Interception occurs when rain falls onto vegetated surfaces such as trees or grasses.
• Interception is the capture of rainwater by vegetation or other objects above the soil surface.
• Infiltration is the process by which rainwater enters the soil.
• Roughness coefficient (n) represents the resistance offered by the channel boundaries to flow.