Readings

• What is ideomotor apraxia (IMA) characterized by?

  Deficits in tool-use pantomimes and gestures
• How are deficits in IMA typically identified?

  Through movements made to verbal command or imitation
• What are the main questions regarding ideomotor apraxia?

  Diagnosis, anatomical correlates, and physiological mechanisms
• What does the review summarize about IMA?

  Current knowledge and insights from an international workshop
• What is the focus of the review on IMA?

  Distinguishing IMA from other motor apraxias
• What is needed for testing IMA?

  More rigorous tests examining various elements
• What do neurophysiological insights propose about praxis performance?

  Networks are necessary for effective praxis performance
• What might more neurophysiological knowledge lead to?

  Better understanding of rehabilitation for praxis
• When was IMA first studied?

  Since the early 1900s
• What were early investigations of IMA focused on?

  Patients with lesions from strokes
• What is more often impaired in IMA, tool-use movements or communicative gestures?

  Tool-use movements
• In which patients is IMA commonly seen?

  Patients with left hemisphere stroke
• What conditions are associated with IMA?

  Corticobasal degeneration, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's
• Who proposed the disconnection theory of IMA?

  Norman Geschwind
• What did Geschwind suggest about IMA?

  It results from disconnection of cortical regions
• What can cause apraxia according to the review?

  Lesions of the periventricular white matter
• What is the commonality of apraxia in left hemisphere stroke patients?

  Present in at least one third of patients
• What is the focus of clinical definitions of apraxias?

  Different functions of the body
• What are the six main types of apraxia involving the upper limb?

  1. Limb-kinetic apraxia
  2. Conceptual apraxia
  3. Ideational apraxia
  4. Verbal–motor dissociation apraxia
  5. Tactile apraxia
  6. Ideomotor apraxia
• What does limb-kinetic apraxia involve?

  Deficits in fine and precise finger movements
• What is conceptual apraxia characterized by?

  Inability to solve tool/mechanical problems
• How is ideational apraxia different from conceptual apraxia?

  It involves failure to sequence task elements
• What is verbal–motor dissociation apraxia?

  Inability to respond to verbal commands
• What does tactile apraxia affect?

  Active touch and hand skills
• What are the characteristics of IMA?

  Inability to pantomime, imitate, and use tools
• What types of errors are common in IMA?

  Orientation, spatial, and temporal errors
• What must patients with IMA know?

  What they are told to do
• What confounding elements may lead to misdiagnosis of IMA?

  Subcortical signs like bradykinesia or dystonia
• What is a potential error in pantomiming for IMA patients?

  Incorrect orientation of the hand
• What is the significance of the review's findings?

  It highlights the need for better delineation of IMA
• How do frontal areas involved in language relate to movement?

  They drive movement through language processing areas
• Why might brain areas for hand communication be co-opted?

  For verbal communication in modern humans
• What disorders can IMA be seen in?

  Stroke, PD, PSP, and CBD
• What are clear indicators of IMA?

  Degraded spatial and temporal features of movements
• How can bradykinesia or dystonia affect IMA diagnosis?

  They may prevent a firm diagnosis of IMA
• What might pantomiming “brushing your hair” reveal in IMA patients?

  Errors in movement execution and orientation
• What must be clear for a diagnosis of IMA?

  Deficits occur only for complex apraxia-specific tasks
• What is expected in testing results for elemental motor disorders in apraxia patients?

  Results would appear normal in apraxia patients
• How does IMA relate to lost or damaged motor program representations?

  It is not related to lost motor program representations
• What is the relationship between CBD and IMA?

  CBD can contribute to a diagnosis of IMA