Internal factors

• What does the Interactionist perspective focus on in education?

  Processes within schools explaining achievement differences
• What is a label in the context of education?

  A meaning or definition attached to a pupil
• How do teachers use labels in the classroom?

  They classify pupils and alter their behavior
• What factors influence how teachers label pupils?

  Appearance, discipline response, personality
• What are the steps in the labelling process according to the study material?

  1. Teacher forms an impression of pupil
  2. Pupil labelled (e.g., troublemaker)
  3. Pupil becomes aware of label
  4. Pupil's self-concept changes
  5. Pupil lives up to label
  6. Label confirmed by behavior
• How does social class affect labelling in schools?

  M/C pupils fit the ideal pupil stereotype better
• What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in education?

  A prediction that comes true due to belief
• What is the effect of labelling on pupil groupings?

  Pupils may be placed in different ability groups
• What happens to lower class pupils in ability groupings?

  They are often placed in lower sets
• What do lower groupings lead to in schools?

  Perceptions of being less able and disruptive
• What are the three sets identified by Mac an Ghaill in his study?

  1. Macho Lads: rebellious academic failures
  2. Academic Achievers: successful, hardworking students
  3. New Enterprisers: positive attitude towards vocational success
• What are some criticisms of Mac an Ghaill's study?

  Ignores girls, ethnicity, and middle class
• What are some criticisms of labelling theory?

  Ignores wider class inequalities and cultural factors
• What is the impact of streaming on W/C students?

  They are often placed in lower streams
• How does streaming create a self-fulfilling prophecy?

  W/C students live up to low expectations
• What is the A-to-C economy in schools?

  Focus on pupils likely to achieve grade Cs
• What are the three types of pupils in educational triage?

  1. Those who will pass anyway
  2. Those with potential for better grades
  3. Hopeless cases doomed to fail
• How do teachers categorize pupils in educational triage?

  Using stereotypical views of W/C and black pupils
• What is habitus according to Bourdieu?

  A cultural framework of norms and values
• How does the M/C habitus affect W/C pupils?

  M/C tastes are valued, W/C tastes devalued
• What is symbolic capital in education?

  Recognition from the school for M/C tastes
• What does symbolic violence refer to?

  Withholding recognition from W/C pupils
• How do W/C pupils feel about educational success?

  They feel it requires changing their identity
• What is the Nike identity among W/C pupils?

  Wearing brands to express authenticity
• What did Ingram's study reveal about W/C boys in Belfast?

  Belonging to W/C locality affects identity
• What tension did grammar school boys experience in Ingram's study?

  Between neighborhood habitus and M/C school
• What is self-exclusion in education?

  W/C pupils feel elite universities aren't for them
• What did Evans find about W/C girls applying to universities?

  They felt hidden barriers and reluctance
• What is the concept of pupil subcultures?

  Groups sharing similar values and behaviors
• What are Lacey's concepts of differentiation and polarisation?

  1. Differentiation: Categorizing pupils by ability
  2. Polarisation: Pupils move towards pro or anti-school extremes
• What characterizes the pro-school subculture?

  Commitment to school values and academic success
• What characterizes the anti-school subculture?

  Inversion of school values to gain status
• What did Ball's study find about abolishing streaming?

  Reduced influence of anti-school subculture
• What are Woods' alternative pupil responses to labelling?

  Ingratiation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
• How do pupils respond to different teachers according to Furlong?

  Pupils may switch between different responses