chapter 8

• nation


  a group of people bound together by some sense of a common culture, ethnicity, language, shared history, and attachment to a homeland
• nation-state


  a state in which the cultural borders of a nation correspond with the state borders of a country
• stateless-nation


  a group of people who share a common identity, but do not have a independent state or country of their own
• multinational-state


  a state that contains two or more distinct nations or cultural groups within its borders
• multistate-nations


  ethnic or cultural groups that exist across multiple state boundaries
• autonomous-regions


  areas within a country that have a degree of self-governance and independence, allowing them to manage their own affairs while still being part of the larger state
• semi-autonomous-regions


  an area within a country that has some degree of self-governance, but does not have full independence or complete control over its affairs
• sovereignty


  the ability of a state to govern itself and make its own laws without external interference
• self-determination


  the nations and people have the right to freely determine their political status and governance without external influence or control
• colonialism


  when a country establishes settlements in a foreign territory and imposes its political, economic, and cultural systems on that territory
• imperialism


  when a country extends its power and influence over other territories, typically through colonization, military force, or diplomatic means
• neocolonialism


  a form of indirect control over developing countries by more powerful countries, often through economic, political, or cultural pressures rather than direct military or political domination
• devolution


  the transfer of power from a central government to a lower level of government, such as a regional or local government
• ethnic-separatism


  the desire of an ethnic group to separate from a larger political entity and form its own independent state or gain greater autonomy
• terrorism


  the use of violence or threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes
• irredentism


  when a country seeks to reclaim and occupy territory that it believes belongs to it due to historical, cultural, or ethnic ties
• democratization


  the process of moving a nation's government from an authoritarian to democratic system
• economies-of-scale


  the cost advantages that businesses experience as they increase their production levels
• trade-agreements


  formal arrangements between countries to facilitate trade by reducing or eliminating barriers like tariffs or quotas
• supranationalism


  when three or more countries form a group or organization to achieve shared objectives
• united-nations


  a global organization founded in 1945 to promote international peace, security, and cooperation among its member states
• NATO


  a military alliance formed in 1949 to provide security and keep peace around the world (originally formed to protect western nations from the threat of soviet expansion during the cold war)
• european-union


  a political and economic alliance of 27 european countries that work together to promote cooperation, trade, and peace
• ASEAN


  a political and economic organization of 10 southeast asian countries that work together to promote cooperation, economic growth, peace, and stability in the region
• arctic-council


  intergovernmental organization that promotes cooperation, coordination, and interaction among the arctic states, indigenous peoples, and other arctic inhabitants on common arctic issues
• african-union


  an organization that aims to improve both political and economic integration across africa
• USMCA


  a trade agreement between the united states, mexico, and canada that replaced the north american free trade agreement to enhance economic cooperation
• shatterbelt


  a region that is politically fragmented due to external and internal pressures, typically located between larger, more powerful nations
• satellite-state


  a country that is independent in name but heavily influenced or controlled by a more powerful country
• choke-points


  a narrow or strategic location where the flow of goods, resources, or military forces can be easily blocked or controlled
• territoriality


  the connection and sense of ownership individuals or groups have over a defined geographic area (the way people or groups claim and defend a particular area)
• relic-boundary


  a boundary that no longer functions as an official border, but still holds historical significance and may influence present-day practices
• superimposed-boundary


  a political boundary that is imposed on an area by an external force, often without regard to the existing cultural, ethnic, or political divisions of the region
• subsequent-boundary


  a political boundary that is created after a region has been settled or developed, and it is drawn based on the existing cultural, ethnic, or political divisions of the people already living there
• antecedent-boundary


  a political boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged
• geometric-boundary


  a boundary created using lines of latitude and longitude and their associated arcs
• consequent-boundary


  a boundary that is formed based on the existing cultural, ethnic, linguistic, or religious differences between groups of people in a region
• defined-boundary


  a boundary that is established by a legal document
• delimited-boundary


  a boundary that has been drawn on a map
• demarcated-boundary


  a boundary that has been physically marked on the ground with visible features such as walls or fences