Halogenoalkanes

• What prefix is used for fluorine in halogenoalkanes?

  Fluoro
• What prefix is used for chlorine in halogenoalkanes?

  Chloro
• What prefix is used for bromine in halogenoalkanes?

  Bromo
• What prefix is used for iodine in halogenoalkanes?

  Iodo
• How are halogenoalkanes named?

  Based on original alkane with halogen prefix
• What is the name of the compound with the formula C3H7Br?

  1. bromopropane
• How are substituents listed in halogenoalkanes?

  Alphabetically
• What is the name of the compound 2-chloro-2-methylbutane?


  1. chloro-2-methylbutane
• How are halogenoalkanes classified?

  As primary, secondary, or tertiary
• What determines the classification of a halogenoalkane?

  Number of carbon atoms attached to C-X
• What is a nucleophile?

  Electron pair donator
• What type of reactions do halogenoalkanes undergo?

  Substitution or elimination reactions
• What happens during a substitution reaction of halogenoalkanes?

  Swapping a halogen for another atom/group
• What does the rate of substitution reactions depend on?

  Strength of the C-X bond
• What is the bond enthalpy of C-I?

  238 kJmol^-1
• What is the bond enthalpy of C-Br?

  276 kJmol^-1
• What is the bond enthalpy of C-Cl?

  338 kJmol^-1
• What is the bond enthalpy of C-F?

  484 kJmol^-1
• Which halogenoalkanes are fastest and slowest to substitute?

  Iodoalkanes are fastest, fluoroalkanes slowest
• Why are fluoroalkanes very unreactive?

  Strong C-F bond makes them unreactive
• What do curly arrows represent in reaction mechanisms?

  Movement of two electrons
• What does a primary halogenoalkane have?

  One carbon attached to the halogen's carbon
• What does a secondary halogenoalkane have?

  Two carbons attached to the halogen's carbon
• What does a tertiary halogenoalkane have?

  Three carbons attached to the halogen's carbon
• What is hydrolysis in the context of halogenoalkanes?

  Splitting a halogenoalkane with water
• What is the role of aqueous silver nitrate in hydrolysis reactions?

  Forms silver halide precipitate
• What does the formation of a precipitate indicate in hydrolysis reactions?

  Halide ion has left the halogenoalkane
• What is the precipitate formed with iodoalkanes?

  Yellow precipitate (AgI)
• What is the precipitate formed with bromoalkanes?

  Cream precipitate (AgBr)
• What is the precipitate formed with chloroalkanes?

  White precipitate (AgCl)
• What is the relationship between bond strength and reaction rate?

  Weaker bonds lead to faster reactions
• What is the change in functional group when halogenoalkanes react with aqueous hydroxide ions?

  Halogenoalkane to alcohol
• What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution with hydroxide ions?

  Aqueous solution and warm
• What happens if the solvent is changed to ethanol during nucleophilic substitution?

  An elimination reaction occurs
• How do tertiary halogenoalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution differently?

  Form a carbocation intermediate first
• Why are tertiary carbocations stabilized?

  By electron releasing methyl groups
• What is the change in functional group when halogenoalkanes react with cyanide ions?

  Halogenoalkane to nitrile
• What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution with cyanide ions?

  Heating under reflux
• What is the change in functional group when halogenoalkanes react with ammonia?

  Halogenoalkane to amine
• What are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution with ammonia?

  Heating under pressure in a sealed tube