Antibodies in medicine

• Who is the presenter of the A Level Biology video on monoclonal antibodies?

  Miss Estrich
• What are monoclonal antibodies?

  Identical antibodies created in the lab
• What does "mono" mean in monoclonal antibodies?

  One
• What does "clonal" refer to in monoclonal antibodies?

  Identical
• What is the function of monoclonal antibodies in medical treatment?

  Used for drug delivery and diagnosis
• What is direct monoclonal antibody therapy used for?

  Treating certain cancers
• How do direct monoclonal antibodies work against cancer cells?

  They bind to cancer cell antigens
• What is the advantage of using monoclonal antibodies in cancer treatment?

  They target only cancer cells
• What is indirect monoclonal antibody therapy?

  Antibodies deliver cytotoxic drugs to cancer cells
• What is a cytotoxic drug?

  A drug designed to kill cancer cells
• How do indirect monoclonal antibodies deliver drugs?

  They bind to cancer cell antigens first
• What are some medical diagnoses that use monoclonal antibodies?

  Pregnancy tests, HIV, and COVID-19 tests
• What does the ELISA test stand for?

  Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
• How does a pregnancy test work?

  It detects a hormone in urine
• What happens when the hormone is present in a pregnancy test?

  A blue line appears on the test
• What is the purpose of the control band in a pregnancy test?

  To confirm the test is working
• What is the first step in the ELISA test?

  Add the test sample to the device
• Why do you wash the device after adding the test sample in ELISA?

  To remove unbound test sample
• What does the second antibody do in the ELISA test?

  Binds to the first antibody
• What indicates the presence of the antigen in the ELISA test?

  The liquid turns blue
• What does the intensity of the color in the ELISA test indicate?

  The quantity of the antigen present
• What is a key ethical concern regarding monoclonal antibodies?

  Use of animals in their production
• Why is there an ethical debate about using animals for monoclonal antibodies?

  It results in the death of animals
• What organ is removed from animals to harvest monoclonal antibodies?

  The spleen
• What type of animals are commonly used to produce monoclonal antibodies?

  Mice
• What is the justification for using animals in monoclonal antibody production?

  To improve treatments for human diseases