Blood & Blood Vessels

• Q9.1 Antibodies belong to a class of plasma proteins called

  1. albumins.
  2. gamma globulins.
  3. alpha globulins.
  4. procoagulants.
  5. agglutinins

  gamma globulins
• Q9.2 Production of all the formed elements of blood is called

  1. haemoglobin.
  2. haemolysis.
  3. haemopoiesis.
  4. haemostasis.
  5. haemoptysis

  haemopoiesis
• Q9.3 Serum is blood plasma minus its

  1. Sodium ions.
  2. Calcium ions.
  3. Clotting proteins.
  4. Globulins.
  5. Albumins.

  Clotting Proteins
• Q9.4 The main artery supplying blood to the head and neck is the

  1. Common carotid artery.
  2. Internal iliac artery.
  3. Brachial artery.
  4. Popliteal artery.
  5. Vertebral artery.

  Common carotid artery
• Q9.5 The majority of the blood volume contained in the

  1. Capillaries
  2. Large arteries
  3. Veins
  4. Arterioles
  5. Vasa vasorum

  Veins
• Formed Elements

  7 types of formed element

  1. Erythrocytes (red blood cells / RBCs)
  2. Platelets
  3. Leukocytes (white blood cells / WBCs)
  4. i. Granulocytes
  5. Neutrophils
  6. Eosinophils
  7. Basophils
  8. ii. Agranulocytes
  9. Lymphocytes
  10. Monocytes
• Formed Elements

  
• Centrifuging & Blood Composition

  
• Plasma Composition

  
• Plasma Proteins

  Plasma proteins – 6-9 g/dl; produced by liver except for gamma globulins (produced by B lymphocytes);

  three major categories:

  i. Albumin – most abundant; transports various solutes; buffers pH; significant contribution to viscosity & osmolarity of blood

  ii. Globulins – alpha, beta & gamma; solute transport, clotting & immunity

  iii. Fibrinogen – precursor of fibrin; forms structural component of blood clot
• Plasma Proteins

  
• Viscosity


  can be thought of as thickness or stickiness;

  whole blood 4.5 – 5.5 times more viscous than water

  mainly due to RBCs; plasma 2.0 times more viscous than water – mainly due to albumin
• Osmolarity


  measure of concentration of non-diffusible solutes, i.e. those that cannot cross the capillary wall;

  mainly due to sodium ions, proteins and RBCs.

  Important to maintain blood volume and therefore blood pressure
• Haemopoiesis – Formation of Blood


  • 400 billion platelets, 200 billion RBCs, 10 billion WBCs formed per day
  • From infancy onwards
  • i. Red bone marrow produces all 7 formed elements – myeloid haemopoiesis
  • ii. Lymphatic tissues ( thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen and lymphatic tissues in mucous membranes) produce lymphocytes – lymphoid haemopoiesis

  
• Formation of WBCs

  • Destroy parasites
  • Secrete histamine & heparin
  • Destroy Bacteria
  • Develop into tissue macrophages
  • Specific immune response

  
• Platelets


  Pluripotent stem cell → megakaryoblast → megakaryocyte

  
• Blood Clotting

  
• Blood Groups


  There are many antigens (regions that give rise to specific antibodies) on RBCs

  If blood is given from one person to another (transfusion) antibody-antigen reactions can lead to agglutination of RBCs

  
• Blood Groups


  1. ABO group
  2. Antigens A & B
  3. Types A, B, AB, and O
  4. A – produces anti-B
  5. B – produces anti-A
  6. O – produces anti-A and anti-B
  7. AB – produces no antibodies to A or B
  8. 3. Type O is the universal donor
  9. 4. Type AB is the universal recipient
  10. Other groups such as Rhesus are considered when matching donors and recipients to minimise transfusion reactions
• Structure of Blood Vessels

  1. Tunica interna (intima) – squamous epithelium (endothelium) + basement membrane; selectively permeable barrier
  2. Tunica media – usually the thickest; smooth muscle + collagen (+ elastic tissue); strengthens vessels; resists blood pressure; allows change of radius – vasomotion; blood flow is proportional to the fourth power of radius
  3. Tunica externa (adventitia) – loose connective tissue; anchors vessels; transmits nerves, lymphatics, and the vasa vasorum
• Blood Vessels

  
• Blood Vessels

  
• Q9.1 Antibodies belong to a class of plasma proteins called

  1. albumins
  2. gamma globulins
  3. alpha globulins
  4. procoagulants
  5. agglutinins

  gamma globulins
• Q9.2 Production of all the formed elements of blood is called

  1. haemoglobin
  2. haemolysis
  3. haemopoiesis
  4. haemostasis
  5. haemoptysis

  haemopoiesis