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neurophysiology
intro to biological timing
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Created by
lauren cross
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Cards (27)
What is chronobiology?
Study of
time-related
phenomena in organisms
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What are biological rhythms described as?
Waveforms
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How is frequency calculated in relation to period?
Frequency =
1/period
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What is the approximate duration of circadian rhythm waves?
About
24 hours
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What are the two types of mechanisms responding to cyclical changes?
Homeostatic
mechanisms and
biological
timekeepers
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What causes the 24-hour cycles in organisms?
Earth's rotation
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How are circadian rhythms synchronized?
Synchronized with the
light-dark cycle
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What does circadian rhythm affect in organisms?
Core body temperature
and
cognitive performance
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What is the main circadian clock in mammals?
Suprachiasmatic nuclei
(
SCN
)
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Where is the SCN located?
Above the
optic chiasm
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What happens if the SCN is experimentally destroyed?
Animals become arrhythmic on the
circadian
timescale
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How can circadian rhythms in rodents with lesioned SCN be restored?
By transplanting
fetal SCN
tissue
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What determines the circadian period of the rescued rhythm?
Genotype
of the
transplanted
tissue
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What is the significance of the same genes and proteins across species?
They code
rhythms
across species
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How many neurons are involved in the fly neural circadian clock circuitry?
About
150
neurons per hemisphere
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What is the rhythm of male cricket calling in light conditions?
About
26 hours
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What are ultradian rhythms?
Biological rhythms with a
period
of less than
24 hours
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What is an example of an ultradian rhythm in humans?
Human sleep cycles with a
90-minute
period
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What are infradian rhythms?
Long period rhythms longer than
24 hours
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What is an example of an infradian rhythm?
Human
menstrual cycle
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What is the role of melatonin in sheep?
Reflects
the
daylength
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What is a circannual rhythm?
Rhythms
that occur annually
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How do eurydice predict tidal rhythms?
By swimming at
high tide
in constant dark
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What effect does constant light have on midshipman fish?
Reduces call activity and
duration
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How does light affect melatonin release?
Light alters
SCN
activity to regulate melatonin
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What receptors do melatonin signal through?
Mela1a
and
Mel1b
receptors
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How does melatonin feedback to the SCN?
Alters SCN
activity
and phase
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