intro to biological timing

Cards (27)

  • What is chronobiology?
    Study of time-related phenomena in organisms
  • What are biological rhythms described as?
    Waveforms
  • How is frequency calculated in relation to period?
    Frequency = 1/period
  • What is the approximate duration of circadian rhythm waves?
    About 24 hours
  • What are the two types of mechanisms responding to cyclical changes?
    Homeostatic mechanisms and biological timekeepers
  • What causes the 24-hour cycles in organisms?
    Earth's rotation
  • How are circadian rhythms synchronized?
    Synchronized with the light-dark cycle
  • What does circadian rhythm affect in organisms?
    Core body temperature and cognitive performance
  • What is the main circadian clock in mammals?
    Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
  • Where is the SCN located?
    Above the optic chiasm
  • What happens if the SCN is experimentally destroyed?
    Animals become arrhythmic on the circadian timescale
  • How can circadian rhythms in rodents with lesioned SCN be restored?
    By transplanting fetal SCN tissue
  • What determines the circadian period of the rescued rhythm?
    Genotype of the transplanted tissue
  • What is the significance of the same genes and proteins across species?
    They code rhythms across species
  • How many neurons are involved in the fly neural circadian clock circuitry?
    About 150 neurons per hemisphere
  • What is the rhythm of male cricket calling in light conditions?
    About 26 hours
  • What are ultradian rhythms?
    Biological rhythms with a period of less than 24 hours
  • What is an example of an ultradian rhythm in humans?
    Human sleep cycles with a 90-minute period
  • What are infradian rhythms?
    Long period rhythms longer than 24 hours
  • What is an example of an infradian rhythm?
    Human menstrual cycle
  • What is the role of melatonin in sheep?
    Reflects the daylength
  • What is a circannual rhythm?
    Rhythms that occur annually
  • How do eurydice predict tidal rhythms?
    By swimming at high tide in constant dark
  • What effect does constant light have on midshipman fish?
    Reduces call activity and duration
  • How does light affect melatonin release?
    Light alters SCN activity to regulate melatonin
  • What receptors do melatonin signal through?
    Mela1a and Mel1b receptors
  • How does melatonin feedback to the SCN?
    Alters SCN activity and phase