Industrial Medicine

• When was Germ Theory discovered?


  1861
• Who discovered Germ Theory?

  Louis Pasteur
• 1 Change in the industrial Period (5 total)


  Influence of the church diminished.

  'The Enlightenment'

  Society - Urbanisation, Industrialisation.

  ToTFH discarded

  Less belief in miasma.
• What is spontaneous generation?


  rotting and decaying matter creates microbes.
• What is Germ Theory?


  microbes cause decay.
• When did Robert Koch discover the microbes that cause Cholera?


  1883
• What put a block on Germ Theory?


  Attitude among doctors meant that people refused to realise the link.
• Who believed in spontaneous generation?


  Dr Henry Bastian
• What was Pasteur's focus?


  Decaying matter.
• Petri dish.


  Joseph Petri. 1881
• What was 'The Enlightenment'?


  People were more interested in radical reasoning. More curious.
• Give 4 changes in hospitals by 1900.


  Different wards split up infectious people.

  Separate spaces for certain procedures.

  Focused on preventing germs.

  Cleanliness is the most important thing.

  Antiseptics.
• How did the death rate change after Florence nightingale did her thing?


  Decreased from 40% to 2%
• When was FN's 'Notes on Nursing' published?


  1859
• When was chloroform discovered?


  1847 by James Simpson.
• Who validated the use of chloroform?


  Queen Victoria with the birth of her 8th child.
• What caused Chloroform to be untrustworthy?


  Hannah Greeners death (after given too high of a dose in surgery)(14 years old in toe nail surgery)
• What were the problems with Ether?


  It caused nausea and vomiting, Irritated the eyes and lungs.
• Who discovered Nitrous Oxide as a numbing thing?


  Humphrey Davy
• What did John Snow create?


  The inhaler - to regulate the dose.
• How did the death rate change with antiseptics?


  50 - 15%
• What were 3 mains problems in surgery?

  Blood loss

  Infection

  Pain
• What were chemical barriers?


  Bandages soaked in carbolic acid.
• What were the 3 problems with carbolic acid in surgery?


  Lister focused on promoting it rather than proving it further.

  The science behind it was not fully understood.

  The spray dried out and he skin and made the surgeon's hands sore.
• What was the origin of Carbolic Acid?


  It was used it sewage treatments.
• When was the worst epidemic in London? And how many casualties?

  1796, 3,548
• What was the vaccine for small pox?


  A small dose of cow pox.
• What was inoculation?


  Scraping scabs and pus from blisters of a person with "good-natured pox" and introducing it to a healthy person through a small cut.
• When and who was the first test subject for the small pox vaccine?


  1796, Local boy, James Phipps.- six weeks later he infected him with small pox but he did not catch it.
• What does Lassiez Faire mean?


  "Let do" meaning letting the people do as they please.
• When was the largest outbreak of cholera?


  1848, 14000 killed.
• Who was Edwin Chadwick?


  - Sparked the public health movement in Great Britain

  - Sanitary report of 1842 led to the passage of the Public Health Act of 1948

  - Linked connections between overcrowding, squalor, and disease

  - Also led to second public health act overhauling London's Water and Sewage system
• What did Edwin Chadwick do?


  Ordered dead animals and waste to be dumped in the Thames.
• What did Chadwick believe was the cause of disease?


  Miasma.
• Report on Living conditions. EC


  1939
• When was the first public health act?


  1848
• 1848


  Encouraged.
• When was the National board of Health set up?


  1848
• When was the second public health act?


  1875
• What were the symptoms of Cholera?


  Sickness , diarrhoea and dehydration