lecture 1

• What does anatomy refer to?

  The structure of living organisms
• What is topographical anatomy?

  Study of organ structure and organization
• What is histology?

  Study of cells and tissue structure
• What does physiology study?

  How living organisms function
• What is the term for normal functioning of systems?

  Physiological
• What is the term for abnormal functioning of systems?

  Pathophysiological
• What are the systems of the body covered in the course?

  • Skeletal
  • Muscular
  • Endocrine
  • Cardiovascular
  • Digestive
  • Urinary/Reproductive
  • Respiratory
  • Nervous
• How do anatomy and physiology relate to each other?

  • Anatomy: Structure
  • Physiology: Function
  • Control and homeostasis
• What are the levels of organization in the body?

  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organismal level
• What does the principle of complementarity of structure and function state?

  Structure dictates the function of systems
• Who quoted, "Nothing in biology makes sense except in light of evolution"?

  Theodosius Dobzhansky
• What are the learning objectives of the module regarding evolution?

  • Understand life evolved from a common ancestor
  • Know what a phylogenetic tree represents
  • Identify traits separating humans from primates
  • Appreciate natural selection's role in evolution
  • Know key evolutionary anatomical changes in humans
  • Be aware of mitochondria's role in eukaryotic evolution
• What are five traits that distinguish humans from other animals?

  Bipedalism, endurance, social intelligence, child-rearing, culture
• What does LUCA stand for?

  Last Universal Common Ancestor
• What does a phylogenetic tree represent?

  Evolutionary relationships among organisms
• What data is used to construct phylogenetic trees?

  Morphological, molecular, and behavioral data
• How are genetic sequences used in phylogenetic trees?

  To compare similarities among organisms
• How similar are human and chimpanzee genomes?

  ~96% similar
• What is a key feature of human evolution regarding brain size?

  Humans have larger brains
• What is bipedalism?

  Habitual walking on two legs
• What is the significance of loss of body hair in humans?

  Helps with thermoregulation
• Why are human hands significant in evolution?

  Enable dexterous movements and technology
• What role does morality play in defining humanity?

  Considered a defining feature by Darwin
• What is natural selection?

  Main mechanism causing populations to evolve
• What must occur for evolution to take place?

  There needs to be a selection pressure
• What are key evolutionary anatomical changes in humans?

  • Musculoskeletal changes from bipedalism
  • Encephalization leading to larger brains
  • Reduced sexual dimorphism
  • Ulnar opposition for precision movements
  • Evolution of sweat glands for thermoregulation
• What do mitochondria generate?

  Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
• What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?

  Mitochondria fused with eukaryotic cells
• Why is the endosymbiotic hypothesis significant?

  It allowed larger multicellular organisms to evolve
• Why is evolution important in anatomy and physiology?

  • Biological systems function due to evolution
  • Organisms are adapted to survive in environments
  • Survival machines pass on genetic information