control punishment and victims

• who initially defined situational crime prevention?

  ron clarke
• what is situational crime prevention?


  reducing opportunites for crime
• what three ways does clarke identify for situational crime prevention?


  1. altering immediate environment of the crime 2. reduce rewards of crime 3. direct it at specific crimes
• whats an example of target hardening?


  closing windows and doors to incrase effort burgular needs to make
• what approcah underlines situation crime prevention?

  rational choice theory
• how does rational choice theory link to SCP?


  most crime is oppotunistic and offeres rewards so by reducing opportunities and incraseing the effort criminal have to make this should reduce crime
• whats the main critique of situational crime prevention?


  displacement
• whats displacement?


  crime is not reduced its it just replaced in a different from
• what are the 5 types of displacement?


  spatial temporal target tactical functional
• whats spatial displacement?


  moving elsewhere to commit the crime
• whats temporal displacement?

  commiting crime at another time
• whats felsons example of situational crime prevention?


  the port authority bus terminal
• what chnages were made to the sinks in the port authority bus terminal?


  large sinks were replaced with smaller ones to prevent homeless bathing
• whats environmental crime prevention based on?


  wilson and kellings broken window theory
• is neighbourhoods with graffiti wilson and kelling argue what?


  ther is a lack of formal social control and informal social control as police are dealing with serious crime and community feel powerless
• whats zero tolerance policy?


  police tack every crime including small amount of disorder in order to prevent neighbourhood decline and prevent serious crime takling root
• statistic of zero tolerance working in new york?


  since 1993 major crime has fallen 39% and murder 49%
• what policy did kelling help bring in in new york as advisor to the police?


  clean car programme
• whats the clean car programme?


  where subway cars were taken out of service immediateley if they had graffiti and only retunred when clean this almost entirley removed graffiti from the subway
• how many prosecutions did the environement agency institute in the north west and when?


  98 between 2001 to 2002
• what may more genral social reform policies such as to promote employment do?


  act as a side effect to reduce crime because crime is often rooted in social conditions such as poverty and unemployment