Biochemistry

    Cards (538)

    • Why is phosphorylation important in glycolysis?
      It destabilizes carbon-carbon bonds
    • What are the stages of glycolysis?
      1. Energy Investment Stage
      2. Energy Generation Stage
    • What is the net gain of ATP from anaerobic glycolysis?
      2 ATP
    • What happens during the energy generation stage of glycolysis?
      ATP is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation
    • What is the role of phosphofructokinase-1 in glycolysis?
      It converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
    • What is the consequence of anaerobic glycolysis?
      Lactic acidosis can occur
    • What is the Cori Cycle?
      1. Glycolysis in muscles converts glucose to lactate
      2. Lactate is transported to the liver
      3. Gluconeogenesis reforms glucose from lactate
      4. Glucose is transported back to muscles
    • What is lactic acidosis?
      Lactic acid buildup in the bloodstream
    • What are the symptoms of lactic acidosis?
      Nausea, vomiting, and weakness
    • What causes lactic acidosis?
      Decreased lactate clearance or increased formation
    • What are the regulatory enzymes in glycolysis?
      • Hexokinase
      • Phosphofructokinase-1
      • Pyruvate Kinase
    • How does insulin affect glycolysis?
      It induces hexokinase and phosphofructokinase-1
    • What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?
      NAD+ is reduced to NADH
    • How is NAD+ recovered under aerobic conditions?
      Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA
    • What happens to NADH under anaerobic conditions?
      NADH builds up and is converted to lactate
    • What is the function of the Pentose shunt pathway?
      • Produces NADPH
      • Generates ribose-5-phosphate
      • Supports nucleotide synthesis
    • What sugars are discussed in the metabolism of non-glucose sugars?
      Mannose, fructose, and galactose
    • What happens to lactose in the gut?
      Lactose is converted to glucose and galactose
    • What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?
      It phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
    • How is mannose metabolized in glycolysis?
      Mannose is converted to mannose-6-phosphate
    • What is the significance of glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis regulation?
      It inhibits hexokinase activity
    • What are the metabolic pathways for fructose and galactose?
      • Fructose is converted to fructose-6-phosphate
      • Galactose is converted to glucose-1-phosphate
    • What is the final product of glycolysis?
      Pyruvate
    • What is the role of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
      It converts phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
    • What is the relationship between glycolysis and the TCA cycle?
      Pyruvate from glycolysis enters the TCA cycle
    • What is the total ATP yield from aerobic glycolysis?
      32 ATP
    • What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
      Phosphate transferred from substrate to ADP
    • Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
      Inner mitochondrial membrane
    • What is the main focus of the Carbohydrate Biochemistry lecture?
      Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and TCA cycle
    • What are the learning objectives of the Carbohydrate Biochemistry lecture?
      • Understand the role of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
      • Know the process of the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle
    • What is the first step in cellular respiration?
      Generation of Acetyl CoA
    • What does the TCA cycle also refer to?
      Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle
    • Where does the TCA cycle occur?
      Mitochondrial matrix
    • What are the reduced electron carriers produced in the TCA cycle?
      NADH and FADH<sub>2</sub>
    • What is the fate of pyruvate in cellular respiration?
      Converted to Acetyl-CoA
    • What is the first step in the generation of Acetyl CoA?
      Decarboxylation of pyruvate
    • What coenzyme is involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
      Thiamine Pyrophosphate (Vitamin B<sub>1</sub>)
    • What is the effect of high energy charge on PDH activity?
      Decreases PDH activity
    • What happens during the phosphorylation of the E<sub>1</sub> site in PDH regulation?
      It inactivates the E<sub>1</sub> site
    • What is arsenate poisoning's effect on the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
      Inactivates E<sub>2</sub> and other proteins
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