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Cards (538)
Why is phosphorylation important in glycolysis?
It destabilizes carbon-carbon bonds
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What are the stages of glycolysis?
Energy Investment Stage
Energy Generation Stage
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What is the net gain of ATP from anaerobic glycolysis?
2 ATP
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What happens during the energy generation stage of glycolysis?
ATP is produced through substrate-level phosphorylation
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What is the role of phosphofructokinase-1 in glycolysis?
It converts
fructose-6-phosphate
to
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
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What is the consequence of anaerobic glycolysis?
Lactic acidosis can occur
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What is the Cori Cycle?
Glycolysis in muscles converts glucose to lactate
Lactate is transported to the liver
Gluconeogenesis reforms glucose from lactate
Glucose is transported back to muscles
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What is lactic acidosis?
Lactic acid buildup in the bloodstream
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What are the symptoms of lactic acidosis?
Nausea
,
vomiting
, and weakness
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What causes lactic acidosis?
Decreased lactate clearance or increased formation
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What are the regulatory enzymes in glycolysis?
Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase-1
Pyruvate Kinase
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How does insulin affect glycolysis?
It induces
hexokinase
and
phosphofructokinase-1
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What is the role of NAD+ in glycolysis?
NAD+ is reduced to
NADH
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How is NAD+ recovered under aerobic conditions?
Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA
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What happens to NADH under anaerobic conditions?
NADH builds up and is converted to
lactate
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What is the function of the Pentose shunt pathway?
Produces NADPH
Generates ribose-5-phosphate
Supports nucleotide synthesis
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What sugars are discussed in the metabolism of non-glucose sugars?
Mannose, fructose, and galactose
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What happens to lactose in the gut?
Lactose is converted to glucose and galactose
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What is the role of hexokinase in glycolysis?
It phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate
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How is mannose metabolized in glycolysis?
Mannose is converted to
mannose-6-phosphate
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What is the significance of glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis regulation?
It inhibits
hexokinase
activity
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What are the metabolic pathways for fructose and galactose?
Fructose is converted to
fructose-6-phosphate
Galactose is converted to
glucose-1-phosphate
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What is the final product of glycolysis?
Pyruvate
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What is the role of pyruvate kinase in glycolysis?
It converts
phosphoenolpyruvate
to pyruvate
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What is the relationship between glycolysis and the TCA cycle?
Pyruvate
from glycolysis enters the TCA cycle
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What is the total ATP yield from aerobic glycolysis?
32
ATP
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What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Phosphate transferred from substrate to
ADP
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Inner
mitochondrial
membrane
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What is the main focus of the Carbohydrate Biochemistry lecture?
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
and
TCA cycle
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What are the learning objectives of the Carbohydrate Biochemistry lecture?
Understand the role of the
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
Know the process of the
Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle
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What is the first step in cellular respiration?
Generation of Acetyl CoA
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What does the TCA cycle also refer to?
Citric Acid Cycle
or
Krebs Cycle
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Where does the TCA cycle occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
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What are the reduced electron carriers produced in the TCA cycle?
NADH and FADH<sub>2</sub>
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What is the fate of pyruvate in cellular respiration?
Converted to Acetyl-CoA
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What is the first step in the generation of Acetyl CoA?
Decarboxylation
of
pyruvate
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What coenzyme is involved in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Thiamine Pyrophosphate
(
Vitamin B<sub>1</sub>
)
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What is the effect of high energy charge on PDH activity?
Decreases
PDH activity
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What happens during the phosphorylation of the E<sub>1</sub> site in PDH regulation?
It
inactivates
the E<sub>1</sub> site
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What is arsenate poisoning's effect on the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?
Inactivates
E<sub>2</sub>
and other proteins
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