Body Organisation and Chem Basics

• What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body?

  Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

  
• Why is the organization of the body important?

  It allows for complex functions and interactions
• How many organ systems are in the human body?

  Eleven
• What is an example of an organ and its function?

  Heart; pumps blood throughout the body

  
• What is metabolism?

  Sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions
• What is anabolism?

  Building larger molecules from smaller ones

  
• What is catabolism?

  Breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones

  
• What is responsiveness in organisms?

  Ability to adjust to environmental changes
• What does human movement include?

  Actions at joints and motion of organs
• What is development in humans?

  Changes the body undergoes throughout life
• How do humans grow?

  By increasing cell number and size
• What is reproduction?

  Formation of a new organism from parents
• Why is oxygen important for human survival?

  Key component of all chemical reactions
• What are the three basic classes of nutrients?

  Water, energy-yielding nutrients, micronutrients
• What is atmospheric pressure?

  Pressure exerted by gases in the atmosphere
• What is homeostasis?

  Maintaining a stable internal environment
• What do negative feedback loops do?

  Oppose the stimulus that triggers them
• What is an example of negative feedback?

  Body temperature regulation

  
• What do positive feedback loops do?

  Amplify the initiating stimuli
• What is the fundamental composition of matter?

  Atoms and their interactions
• What are the three subatomic particles?

  Protons, neutrons, electrons
• What are the four most abundant elements in the body?

  Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
• How does the number of electrons affect an atom's stability?

  More electrons generally increase stability
• What are ionic bonds?

  Bonds formed by the transfer of electrons

  
• What are covalent bonds?

  Bonds formed by sharing electrons

  
• What are hydrogen bonds?

  Weak bonds between polar molecules
• What is the difference between ions, cations, and anions?

  Ions are charged particles; cations are positive
• What is the key difference between ionic and covalent bonds?

  Ionic bonds transfer electrons; covalent share

  
• What distinguishes nonpolar from polar covalent bonds?

  Polar bonds have unequal sharing of electrons

  
• How do water molecules link via hydrogen bonds?

  Through attraction between polar molecules

  
• What do isotopes of an element have in common?

  Same atomic number and position in the periodic table
• What distinguishes isotopes from each other?

  Different atomic masses and physical properties
• What is the definition of a monosaccharide?

  A monomer of carbohydrates
• Name three examples of monosaccharides.

  Glucose, fructose, galactose