Retrieval failure (cues)

• What is one reason people forget information?

  Insufficient cues
• What does retrieval failure refer to in long-term memory?

  Lack of accessibility, not availability
• What happens when someone provides a hint during recall?

  The memory might pop back into your head
• What is the Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)?

  • Cues must be present at encoding and retrieval
  • Different cues lead to forgetting
  • Meaningful cues enhance recall
• Who conducted research into retrieval failure and the Encoding Specificity Principle?

  Tulving
• What are the two types of cues mentioned in the study material?

  External cues and internal cues
• What is Context-Dependent Forgetting?

  • Recall is affected by the environment
  • Learning and recall contexts must match
  • Different contexts can hinder memory retrieval
• What did Godden and Baddeley (1975) study involve?

  Deep sea divers recalling words (context effects)
• How many conditions were created in Godden and Baddeley's study?

  Four conditions
• What was the result of the non-matching conditions in Godden and Baddeley's study?

  Accurate recall was 40% lower
• Why is the recall lower in non-matching conditions?

  Different environments hinder memory retrieval
• What did Baddeley (1997) argue about context effects?

  • Context effects are not very strong
  • Different contexts must be significantly different
  • Similar environments do not cause much forgetting
• What was the focus of Godden and Baddeley's (1980) replication study?

  Recognition test instead of recall
• What was the outcome of the recognition test in Godden and Baddeley's (1980) study?

  No context-dependent effect was observed
• What limitation does the context effect present?

  • Context effects do not explain much forgetting
  • Real-life applications are limited
  • Context must be very different to see effects
• What test found that if a cue helps recall it has to be present at encoding and recall?

  Tulving (1983) and is known as the encoding specificity principle
• Who argues that context effects are not very strong?

  Baddeley
• What does Baddeley (1997) suggest about context effects in real life?

  They are not very strong
• What must different contexts be like to observe context effects?

  Very different indeed
• Why is it hard to find an environment as different from land as underwater?

  Because they are fundamentally different environments
• What is likely to happen when learning in one room and recalling in another?

  Little forgetting occurs
• Why is the similarity of environments a limitation in context effects?

  It limits real-life applications of retrieval failure
• What are the implications of Baddeley's findings on context effects for real-life applications?

  • Context effects are weak in real life
  • Different contexts must be very distinct
  • Limited explanation for forgetting in practical scenarios
• What is the concept of state-dependent memory?

  Memory retrieval is influenced by internal cues.
• Who conducted a study on state-dependent memory in 1998?

  Carter and Cassaday
• What effect did antihistamines have on participants in Carter and Cassaday's study?

  They made participants sleepy.
• In what year did Yleam conduct research related to state-dependent memory?

  1913
• What was the focus of carter and cassaday research

  The relationship between cues and recall.
• What does the term "internal cue" refer to in the context of memory retrieval?

  It refers to cues originating from within the individual.
• What is the significance of the findings from Carter and Cassaday's study?

  They support the concept of state-dependent memory.
• What is meant by "internal cue" in memory studies?

  Internal cues are mental states influencing recall.
• What methodological aspects could be explored in Carter and Cassaday's study?

  Participants' conditions and measurement of recall.
• What implications do the findings of these studies have for understanding memory?

  They highlight the importance of context in recall.