memory

• What does coding refer to in memory?

  The format of information stored in memory
• What type of coding is used in short-term memory?

  Acoustic coding
• What type of coding is used in long-term memory?


  Semantic coding
• What did Baddeley (1966) demonstrate about memory recall?

  More mistakes occur with similar-sounding words
• What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller?

  7 +/- 2 items
• How does chunking help memory recall?

  It groups information into manageable units
• What was the mean letter span found by Jacobs?

  1. 3 letters
• What was the mean digit span found by Jacobs?

  1. 3 digits
• What is the duration of short-term memory?

  18-30 seconds
• What did Petersen et al (1959) find about recall accuracy?

  Accuracy decreases with longer retention intervals
• What is the duration of long-term memory?

  Unlimited duration
• What did Bahrick et al (1975) find about photo recognition over time?

  Recognition decreased from 90% to 70%
• What are the key issues with Jacobs' research?

  • Lack of standardization
  • Poor scientific methods
  • Potential confounding variables
• What is a strength of Bahrick et al's study?

  • Use of meaningful stimuli
  • High ecological validity
  • Reflects real-life learning experiences
• What are the key issues with Petersen et al and Miller's studies?

  • Low mundane realism
  • Use of artificial stimuli
  • Limited generalizability
• What did recent research suggest about Miller's capacity estimate for STM?

  It may be closer to 4 chunks
• What does the multi-store model (MSM) represent?

  How memory is stored and retrieved

  
• What are the three stores in the MSM?

  Sensory register, STM, LTM
• What is the capacity and duration of the sensory register?

  Huge capacity, less than half a second
• What must occur for information to pass from sensory register to STM?

  Attention must be paid to the information
• How is STM encoded according to Baddeley?

  Acoustically encoded
• What is maintenance rehearsal?

  Repeating information to keep it in STM
• What is the role of retrieval in memory?

  Transfer information back to STM
• What are the types of long-term memory proposed by Tulving et al?

  • Procedural memory
  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory
• How does the MSM view long-term memory?

  As a single, unitary store
• What do Craik and Watkins (1973) suggest about rehearsal?

  Type of rehearsal is more important than amount
• What is the difference between STM and LTM according to the MSM?

  STM is acoustically encoded, LTM semantically
• What did Shallice and Warrington find about STM?

  Multiple types of STM may exist
• What are the three types of long-term memory?

  Episodic, semantic, procedural
• What does episodic memory involve?

  Memories with personal meaning and context
• What do semantic memories describe?

  Memories of world knowledge and concepts
• What do procedural memories involve?

  Memories of learned skills
• How are episodic and semantic memories recalled?

  Consciously recalled
• How are procedural memories recalled?

  Unconsciously recalled
• What did Petersen et al. find about memory recall locations?

  Semantic memories from left prefrontal cortex
• What is a practical application of differentiating types of LTM?

  Improved treatments for cognitive impairments
• What distinction did Cohen and Squire make about memories?

  Declarative and non-declarative memories
• What do declarative memories require for recall?

  Conscious recall
• What do non-declarative memories allow for?

  Unconscious recall
• What do the cases of HM and Clive Wearing illustrate?

  Different types of LTM can be affected