Anxiety

• What is the aim of Lontus and Palmer's study?

  To investigate leading questions' effect on eyewitness testimony
• How many American students participated in Lontus and Palmer's study?

  49 students
• What type of video did participants watch in the study?

  A video of a car crash
• What were participants asked about after watching the video?

  The specific speed of the cars
• Which word led to the highest speed estimate in the study?

  Smashed
• What are some physiological responses to stress mentioned?

  Pale skin, rapid heartbeat, dilated pupils
• What does anxiety create in the body?

  Physiological arousal
• What is unclear about the effects of anxiety on recall?

  Whether they make recall better or worse
• What was the main finding of Janean and Sook's study in 1976?

  Anxiety negatively affects recall
• What did participants overhear in the low anxiety condition?

  A heated argument
• What did participants see in the high anxiety condition?

  A man with a bloody knife
• What percentage of participants identified the man in the low anxiety condition?

  49%
• What percentage of participants identified the man in the high anxiety condition?

  33%
• What is the weapon focus effect?

  Attention narrows to focus on one aspect
• What did Yuille and Cutshall study in 1986?

  A real-life shooting incident
• How many witnesses agreed to participate in Yuille and Cutshall's study?

  13 witnesses
• What did witnesses rate in Yuille and Cutshall's study?

  How stressed they felt during the incident
• What was the accuracy of witnesses who reported high stress levels?

  88%
• What was the accuracy of the less stressed group in Yuille and Cutshall's study?

  75%
• What are some ethical issues mentioned in the study?

  Deception and psychological harm
• What is a limitation of the studies mentioned?

  Tasks weren't natural and lacked variety
• What does the Yerkes-Dodson law illustrate?

  The relationship between arousal and performance
• Why is the sample in Yuille and Cutshall's study not generalizable?

  It was a small, specific group
• What happens to recall accuracy as anxiety increases according to the Yerkes-Dodson law?

  It improves until optimal anxiety is reached
• What occurs after the optimal level of anxiety is reached?

  Recall suffers a drastic decline
• What is a potential issue with Johnson and Scott's study?

  It may test surprise rather than anxiety
• What did Pickel's experiment use to test weapon focus?

  Scissors, a handgun, a wallet, or a chicken
• What is a limitation of real-life eyewitness studies?

  Researchers have no control over participants' experiences
• Why is creating anxiety in participants considered unethical?

  It may subject them to psychological harm
• Why is anxiety difficult to define and measure?

  It has many cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and physical elements
• What does the inverted-U explanation assume about anxiety?

  Only physiological arousal is linked to performance
• What is a limitation of the studies regarding anxiety and recall?

  They often consider only one factor affecting recall
• What is a potential issue with participants in lab studies?

  They may guess the study's purpose
• What is a stretch question related to post-event discussion?

  How may it affect the accuracy of EWT?
• What is a stretch question related to issues and debates in studies?

  Can you apply an issue and debate to this lesson?