ALCOHOLS

• What is the functional group in alcohols?

  The O group
• What is an example of an alcohol mentioned in the video?

  Ethanol
• What are the two methods to make ethanol mentioned?

  Fermentation and hydration of ethene
• What is fermentation in the context of making ethanol?

  Turning sugar into alcohol using yeast
• What is the balanced equation for fermentation of glucose to ethanol?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 \rightarrow 2C_2H_5OH +$$2CO_2$
• What is a key requirement for fermentation to occur?

  It needs an oxygen-free environment
• What temperature range is optimal for yeast during fermentation?

  30 to 40°C
• What is a disadvantage of the fermentation process?

  It is a batch process
• Why is ethanol considered a renewable resource in fermentation?

  Because sugar used is renewable
• What is a disadvantage of ethanol produced by fermentation?

  Ethanol needs distilling for purity
• What is the equation for hydration of ethene to produce ethanol?

  $C_2H_4 +$$H_2O \rightarrow C_2H_5OH$
• What catalyst is used in the hydration of ethene?

  Phosphoric acid or sulfuric acid
• What are the conditions required for the hydration of ethene?

  300°C and 70 atmospheres pressure
• What is an advantage of the hydration process compared to fermentation?

  It is a continuous process
• Why is ethanol produced from ethene considered non-renewable?

  It comes from crude oil
• What is a key characteristic of ethanol as a biofuel?

  It is considered carbon neutral
• Why is ethanol considered carbon neutral?

  No net release of CO2 in processes
• What is a limitation of the carbon neutrality claim for ethanol?

  Transport and machinery produce CO2
• What is the equation for photosynthesis?

  $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$
• What happens to CO2 during the ethanol production cycle?

  It is absorbed during photosynthesis
• How does the ethanol production cycle demonstrate carbon neutrality?

  CO2 absorbed equals CO2 released
• What is a common misconception about ethanol's carbon neutrality?

  It ignores transport and machinery CO2
• Why is the claim of carbon neutrality by the company misleading?

  Transport and machinery emissions are not considered
• What is produced during fermentation of planting material?

  Ethanol
• What is the main argument against the carbon neutrality of biofuels?

  Production processes emit CO2
• What are the classifications of alcohols?

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
• How can you identify a primary alcohol?

  It has one alkyl group attached to the carbon
• What is the displayed formula for ethanol?

  $CH_3CH_2OH$
• What determines the classification of an alcohol?

  The number of alkyl groups attached to the carbon
• How does the oxidation of primary alcohols differ from tertiary alcohols?

  Primary alcohols can be oxidized, tertiary cannot
• What are the oxidation products of primary alcohols?

  Aldehydes and carboxylic acids
• What is the oxidation product of secondary alcohols?

  Ketones
• What is the oxidizing agent used for alcohol oxidation?

  Potassium dichromate
• What color change indicates oxidation with potassium dichromate?

  Orange to green
• How can you produce ethanal from ethanol?

  Oxidize ethanol and distill
• What happens during the oxidation of ethanol to ethanal?

  Two hydrogens are removed, producing water
• What is the functional group of aldehydes?

  $CHO$
• What is the final product when ethanal is oxidized?

  Ethanoic acid
• What method is used to ensure complete oxidation to carboxylic acid?

  Heating under reflux
• What is the purpose of distillation in the oxidation of ethanol?

  To prevent further oxidation to acid