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Biology
Gas Exchange
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Cards (21)
What is the thorax in humans?
The human
chest cavity
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What are the components of the thorax?
Ribs
Intercostal muscles
Diaphragm
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Pleural membranes
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What is the primary function of the lungs?
They serve as the
gas exchange
surface
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What features do gas exchange surfaces share?
Large surface area for faster
diffusion
Thin walls for short diffusion distances
Good
ventilation
to maintain diffusion gradients
Good blood supply for high concentration gradients
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What is the role of the intercostal muscles?
Facilitate breathing by moving the
rib cage
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How do external intercostal muscles assist in inhalation?
They
contract
to pull the
rib
cage
up
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What happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?
It
contracts
and
flattens
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What occurs during normal exhalation?
The
diaphragm
relaxes and moves upwards
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How does forced exhalation differ from normal exhalation?
Internal intercostal muscles
contract to aid exhalation
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Why is there a need for forced exhalation during strenuous activity?
To rid the body of excess
carbon dioxide
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What are the adaptations of alveoli for gas exchange?
Rounded shape for large
surface area
Thin single layers of cells to minimize
diffusion distance
High
oxygen
and low
carbon dioxide
levels maintained
Good
blood supply
for
concentration gradients
Moisture layer to aid
gas diffusion
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What harmful effects does smoking have on the lungs?
Linked to
lung disease
and
coronary heart disease
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What does nicotine do to blood vessels?
It narrows blood vessels and increases
heart rate
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How does carbon monoxide affect hemoglobin?
It binds irreversibly, reducing
oxygen
capacity
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What is tar's role in lung disease?
It is a
carcinogen
linked to cancer
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What is chronic bronchitis?
Inflammation
leading to mucus build-up in
bronchioles
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How does emphysema develop?
From frequent infections and breakdown of
alveoli
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What are the effects of exercise on breathing?
Increases
breathing frequency
Provides more oxygen for
respiration
Helps remove
carbon dioxide
Elevated breathing rate post-exercise due to
lactic acid
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What is 'oxygen debt'?
Oxygen needed to remove
lactic acid
post-exercise
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What factors affect breathing rate during exercise?
Fitness level
Resting breathing rate
Recovery time
after exercise
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What is the CORMS evaluation in practical work?
Change:
Exercise
vs. no exercise
Organisms:
Similar
age, gender, size
Repeat:
Multiple
trials for reliability
Measurement:
Breathing rate
changes
Same:
Control
exercise type and conditions
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