Organisation

• What is the basic building block of all living organisms?

  Cells
• What is the process called when cells become specialised for a particular job?

  Differentiation
• What do specialised cells form in a multicellular organism?

  Tissues
• What is a tissue?

  A group of similar cells working together
• What are examples of tissues in mammals?

  • Muscular tissue
  • Glandular tissue
  • Epithelial tissue
• What is an organ?

  A group of different tissues working together
• What is an organ system?

  A group of organs working together
• What organs are part of the human digestive system?

  Salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, liver, small intestine, large intestine
• What is the hierarchy of biological organisation from cells to organisms?

  • Cells
  • Tissues
  • Organs
  • Organ systems
  • Organisms
• What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

  They act as catalysts
• Why do living things need enzymes?

  To speed up chemical reactions without high temperatures
• What are enzymes made of?

  Proteins
• What is the active site of an enzyme?

  A unique shape that fits the substrate
• How does the 'lock and key' model describe enzyme action?

  Only specific substrates fit into the active site
• What factors can affect enzyme activity?

  Temperature and pH
• What do digestive enzymes do?

  Break down large molecules into smaller ones
• Where are digestive enzymes produced?

  By glands in the digestive system
• What do carbohydrases convert carbohydrates into?

  Simple sugars
• What is the role of bile in digestion?

  Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats
• What is the function of red blood cells?

  Carry oxygen from lungs to cells
• What is the shape of red blood cells and why?

  Biconcave disc for large surface area
• What do white blood cells do?

  Defend against infection
• What is the role of platelets in blood?

  Help blood clot at wounds
• What is plasma in blood?

  The liquid that carries everything in blood
• What is coronary heart disease?

  Blocked arteries due to fatty material
• What do statins do?

  Reduce cholesterol in the blood
• What are the risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

  • Smoking
  • Poor diet
  • Lack of exercise
  • Excessive alcohol consumption
• How can diseases interact with each other?

  Some diseases can trigger other health issues
• What is the human cost of diseases?

  Impact on quality of life and life expectancy
• What is the financial cost of diseases?

  Economic impact on healthcare and society
• What can communicable diseases affect in a person's life?

  Everyday activities and life expectancy
• What is a financial cost in terms of health?

  Money impact on human health
• What are some examples of risk factors for non-communicable diseases?

  Smoking, alcohol consumption, obesity
• How does smoking affect health?

  It directly causes cardiovascular diseases
• What can excessive alcohol consumption lead to?

  Liver damage and addiction
• How does alcohol affect the brain?

  It can damage brain cells and function
• What is a carcinogen?

  A substance that can cause cancer
• How can UV radiation cause cancer?

  It alters DNA, leading to abnormal cell division
• How are risk factors identified?

  By looking for correlations in data
• What does correlation not imply?

  It does not imply causation