Medicine Through Time

• Who is known as the father of modern medicine?

  Hippocrates
• What are the four liquids Hippocrates believed the body was made up of?

  Phlegm, blood, yellow bile, black bile
• What happens if the four humors are imbalanced according to Hippocrates?

  You would become ill
• What lifestyle factors did Hippocrates stress for health?

  Observation, rest, and exercise
• What was Hippocrates' approach to understanding disease?

  Natural, logical, and rational explanations
• How long did Hippocrates' ideas stand unchallenged?

  Over a thousand years
• What did Galen develop from Hippocrates' ideas?

  The theory of opposites for treatment
• How would Galen suggest treating a cold?

  With something warm, like a chili
• What was Galen's famous experiment involving?

  Dissection of a pig
• What did Galen prove about the brain and heart?

  The brain controls speech, not the heart
• What anatomical mistakes did Galen make?

  Based on dissections of animals, not humans
• How did Galen's ideas align with the Christian Church?

  His ideas fit nicely with their beliefs
• Who developed better approaches to surgery?

  John Hunter
• What method did John Hunter use to improve surgery?

  Tying blood vessels to redirect flow
• What did John Hunter encourage in medical practice?

  Learning about the human body
• What is the title of Vesalius' important book?

  On the Fabric of the Human Body
• Why is Vesalius' book significant?

  It detailed human anatomy from dissection
• What did Vesalius' findings prove about Galen?

  Galen made mistakes using animal dissections
• How did Vesalius' book spread his ideas?

  Mass published due to the printing press
• What did Vesalius demonstrate about the heart's septum?

  There are no holes, contrary to Galen
• What did William Harvey prove about blood circulation?

  Blood is pumped by the heart, not consumed
• What method did Harvey use for his experiments?

  Science and mathematics
• On which animals did Harvey conduct his blood circulation experiments?

  Cold-blooded animals like lizards
• What did Thomas Sydenham advocate for in medicine?

  Observation and natural remedies
• What was Sydenham's view on doctor-patient interaction?

  Doctors should visit patients, not vice versa
• What was Sydenham's controversial suggestion regarding treatment?

  Doctors do not always have to treat patients
• What disease did Edward Jenner's vaccination help prevent?

  Smallpox
• How many people did smallpox kill by the late 20th century?

  300 million
• What was the previous method before Jenner's vaccination?

  Inoculation with a weaker form of smallpox
• What was the process of Jenner's vaccination?

  Using cowpox to immunize against smallpox
• What was the outcome of Jenner's vaccination on James Phipps?

  He became immune to smallpox
• What was a limitation of Jenner's discovery?

  No proof of why it worked
• When did vaccinations become popular in Britain?

  From 1853 with mandatory vaccinations
• What was Florence Nightingale famous for during the Crimean War?

  Cleaning hospital wards and reducing mortality
• What did Nightingale encourage for hospital conditions?

  Opening windows for ventilation
• What book did Nightingale write after the war?

  Notes on Nursing
• What did Nightingale establish in Britain?

  The first nurse training school
• How much money did Nightingale raise for her training school?

  £44,000
• What did Nightingale's book Notes on Hospitals outline?

  Principles for clean and safe hospitals
• What opposition did Elizabeth Garrett Anderson face?

  Opposition to women as doctors