Industrial medicine

• What period began in 1700 regarding disease understanding?

  Industrial Medicine period
• How did the church's influence change from 1700?

  It decreased as scientific explanations grew
• What disease became threatening due to urban growth?

  Smallpox
• Who proposed the Germ Theory in 1861?

  Louis Pasteur
• What did Pasteur prove about bacteria in the air?

  They caused decay (rotting)
• What theory did Germ Theory disprove?

  Spontaneous Generation
• Who developed Germ Theory further in the 1870s?

  Robert Koch
• What did Koch's experiments prove?

  Specific bacteria caused disease
• How long did it take for Germ Theory to be accepted?

  Over 30 years
• What did the theory of Spontaneous Generation claim?

  Microbes were created by decaying matter
• Why did Spontaneous Generation seem logical?

  Scientists could see microbes
• When did cholera first appear in Britain?

  1831
• Who believed cholera was spread by water?

  John Snow
• What significant event did Jenner develop in 1796?

  Smallpox Vaccine
• What did Florence Nightingale do in 1854?

  Treated wounded soldiers in the Crimean War
• What did John Snow discover in 1854?

  Link between cholera and Broad Street Pump
• Who discovered chloroform as an anaesthetic in 1847?

  James Simpson
• What was the impact of chloroform on surgery?

  Improved success rate of surgeries
• What did Joseph Lister develop using carbolic acid?

  The first antiseptics for surgery
• How did Lister's antiseptics affect surgery?

  Reduced infection rates
• What did Edwin Chadwick publish in 1842?

  Report on the Sanitary Conditions
• What did Chadwick's report reveal about life expectancy?

  Poor people had lower life expectancy
• What was the government's attitude towards public health before 1800?

  Laissez-faire attitude
• What did the 1848 Public Health Act create?

  National board of health
• What was a key feature of the 1875 Public Health Act?

  It was compulsory for local councils
• What did the 1875 Public Health Act aim to provide?

  Clean water and sewage disposal
• What did Nightingale establish in 1860?

  School for Nurses
• What was the effect of Nightingale's changes in the Crimean War?

  Death rate fell from 40% to 2%
• What did the government do by 1858 regarding cholera?

  Provided clean water for the population
• What were the strengths and weaknesses of early vaccination methods?

  Strengths:

  • Prevented smallpox effectively
  • Based on observable evidence

  
  

  Weaknesses:

  • Lack of scientific explanation
  • Fear of side effects
  • Resistance from inoculators
  • Religious opposition
• What were the public health improvements mandated by the 1875 Public Health Act?

  • Provide clean water
  • Dispose of sewage safely
  • Build public toilets
  • Employ public health officers