Post 1850

• What major event influenced work and leisure in post-1850 Industrial Britain?

  The Industrial Revolution
• How did the Industrial Revolution affect work and leisure?

  It created more overlap between work and leisure
• What was the common length of shifts in factories during this period?

  Twelve hours
• Why did working people have little time for leisure activities?

  Due to long working hours
• What day was traditionally regarded as a day of rest?

  Sunday
• What types of leisure activities were common among the working class?

  Country pursuits like shooting and fishing
• How did the development of transport affect sports for the upper classes?

  It allowed them to take sports further afield
• What social class emerged during the nineteenth century in Britain?

  The middle class
• Who were the middle classes in post-industrial Britain?

  Professionals, factory owners, and managers
• How did the middle classes contribute to sports activities?

  They developed clubs and governing bodies
• What does being an amateur in sports mean?

  Not needing to be paid to play
• How was social distinction preserved in sports involving amateurs and professionals?

  Through different changing rooms and roles
• What led to the split of rugby into two codes?

  North-south rivalries and broken-time payments
• When was the Open Championship first played?

  1861
• What was the perception of professional players in golf?

  They were more competitive than amateurs
• What is a public school?

  An old-standing educational institution
• How did lawn tennis contribute to women's emancipation in the 1870s?

  It provided acceptable physical exercise for women
• Who was Lottie Dod?

  A Wimbledon champion in 1887
• What was the societal expectation of women in the nineteenth century?

  To marry and be financially dependent
• What factors contributed to the changing status of women in the late nineteenth century?

  High mortality rates and military service of men
• What did the Taunton Royal Commission Report address?

  Limitations of schooling for women
• How did the development of laws affect sports activities?

  It led to the decline of blood sports
• What was the perception of education among the upper class regarding the working class?

  They had little interest in cultural development
• What was the impact of the Education Act of 1870?

  It established a national system of education
• How did the availability of time and money influence sports participation?

  Factory owners encouraged sports for loyalty
• What was the typical working week by 1965?

  40-45 hours
• How did the development of transport affect sports participation?

  It made travel to sports events easier
• What was the role of public schools in the development of modern sports?

  They influenced rules and governing bodies
• What was the cult of athleticism?

  A belief linking sport with moral character
• What were the key reports that examined the class-based education system?

  • Clarendon Report (1864)
  • Taunton Report (1868)
  • Newcastle Report (1861)
• What were the main sports organizations formed in the late 19th century?

  • Football Association (FA) in 1863
  • Amateur Athletic Club in 1866
  • Rugby Football Union in 1871
  • Lawn Tennis Association (LTA) in 1888
• What were the social aspects of early sports organizations?

  • Formed mainly in pubs
  • Established rules for competitions
  • Promoted social interaction among members
• How did Thomas Arnold influence sports in public schools?

  • Revised the prefect-fagging system
  • Promoted regulated sports
  • Developed the house system for competition
  • Linked sports with moral character
• What were the characteristics of the public school system in the 19th century?

  • Exclusive to upper classes
  • Focused on boys' education
  • Developed early sports and games
• What is muscular Christianity?

  • Links sport with being a Christian gentleman
  • Emphasizes discipline and manliness
  • Promotes moral and ethical character through sport
• What were the impacts of the Education Act of 1891?

  • Made elementary education effectively free
  • Increased accessibility for lower classes
  • Encouraged understanding of sports rules
• What were the effects of the reduction in working hours on sports participation?

  • Increased time for leisure activities
  • Allowed more people to engage in sports
  • Improved overall health and well-being
• How did transport developments influence sports in the 20th century?

  • Enabled easier travel for spectators
  • Facilitated fixtures across the country
  • Increased participation in sports events
• What were the main influences of public schools on modern sports?

  • Promotion and organization of sports
  • Development of ethical standards in sports
  • Export of games and sports culture