science waves

• What is the main topic of the video?

  Waves
• What does a wave transfer?

  Energy
• What happens to objects floating on water when a ripple passes?

  They bounce up and down
• What are the two types of waves?

  • Transverse waves
  • Longitudinal waves
• What is the top point of a transverse wave called?

  Peak
• What is the bottom point of a transverse wave called?

  Trough
• What is the difference between two peaks or two troughs called?

  Wavelength
• What is amplitude in a wave?

  Distance from peak to equilibrium line
• How do particles vibrate in a transverse wave?

  Perpendicular to the direction of travel
• What characterizes a longitudinal wave?

  Compressions and rarefactions
• What are compressions in a longitudinal wave?

  Areas of high density
• What are rarefactions in a longitudinal wave?

  Areas of low density
• How do particles vibrate in a longitudinal wave?

  Parallel to the direction of travel
• What is frequency in relation to waves?

  Number of waves passing a point per second
• What unit is frequency measured in?

  Hertz
• What is the period of a wave?

  Time for one full cycle of a wave
• How are frequency and period related?

  • Frequency = 1 / Period
  • Period = 1 / Frequency
• How do you calculate wave speed?

  Wave speed = frequency × wavelength
• What units can wavelength be measured in?

  Meters, millimeters, micrometers, nanometers
• What is the speed of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum?

  $3 \times 10^8 \text{ m/s}$
• In which medium do transverse waves travel fastest?

  Gases
• What happens to light when it refracts through a glass block?

  It slows down and changes angle
• What is the angle of incidence?

  Angle at which light enters a medium
• What is the relationship between angle of incidence and angle of reflection?

  They are always equal
• What is the critical angle?

  Angle where light starts to reflect
• What are the properties of reflection and refraction for transverse waves?

  • Reflection: Angle of incidence equals angle of reflection
  • Refraction: Light slows down in denser mediums
• How are longitudinal waves often represented?

  Converted into transverse waves
• What is an example of a longitudinal wave?

  Sound
• How can pitch be changed in sound waves?

  By changing the frequency
• How can loudness be changed in sound waves?

  By changing the amplitude
• What is ultrasound?

  High frequency sound wave
• How do bats use ultrasound?

  To track prey and avoid obstacles
• How do humans use ultrasound?

  To detect fish underwater
• How do you calculate distance using sound waves?

  Distance = 0.5 × speed × time
• How do scientists use waves to study the Earth?

  By analyzing waves from earthquakes
• What are the two types of waves emitted by earthquakes?

  P waves and S waves
• Which type of wave can only travel through solids?

  S waves
• Which type of wave can travel through solids and liquids?

  P waves
• What causes the shadow zone in seismic waves?

  Refraction of waves in different materials
• What are the characteristics of P waves and S waves?

  • P waves: Travel through solids and liquids
  • S waves: Travel only through solids