4. Kennedy

• Who won the 1960 presidential election?

  John F. Kennedy
• What did Kennedy claim about the Eisenhower administration's approach to the USSR?

  They were complacent about the USSR's capabilities
• Why couldn't Eisenhower reveal evidence of the USA's nuclear capability?

  Due to secret U2 spy plane flights
• How did Kennedy's foreign policy differ from Eisenhower's?

  Kennedy adopted a more active approach
• What did Kennedy promise in his inaugural address?

  To support liberty and oppose foes
• What was the outcome of Kennedy's handling of the Bay of Pigs invasion?

  It was a complete failure
• Who overthrew the Batista dictatorship in Cuba?

  Fidel Castro
• What did the CIA plan regarding Castro's government?

  To invade with anti-Castro forces
• When was the Bay of Pigs invasion launched?

  April 1961
• How did Khrushchev perceive Kennedy after the Bay of Pigs invasion?

  As an inexperienced bungler
• What ultimatum did Khrushchev give Kennedy regarding Berlin?

  To remove western allies from Berlin
• What did the construction of the Berlin Wall signify?

  Separation of East and West Berlin
• When was the Berlin Wall constructed?

  August 13, 1961
• What was the purpose of the Berlin Wall?

  To keep people in East Berlin
• How did Kennedy view the Berlin Wall situation?

  Not worth fighting over
• What crisis occurred in October 1962?

  Deployment of Soviet missiles in Cuba
• Why did Khrushchev place missiles in Cuba?

  To achieve a foreign policy success
• What did Kennedy do in response to the missile crisis?

  Announced a naval blockade around Cuba
• What was the date Kennedy announced the quarantine around Cuba?

  October 22, 1962
• What did Khrushchev offer in his first message to Kennedy?

  To withdraw missiles if the blockade was removed
• What was the outcome of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

  Khrushchev withdrew missiles from Cuba
• What were the consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

  1. Kennedy's prestige increased significantly.
  2. Cuba's communist regime was strengthened.
  3. Establishment of a direct communication 'Hotline'.
  4. End of Khrushchev's leadership in the USSR.
  5. Rapid expansion of USSR's nuclear forces.
  6. Emergence of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD).
• What did the 'Hotline' established after the crisis facilitate?

  Direct communication between Washington and Moscow
• What treaty was agreed upon in 1963 by the main nuclear powers?

  Partial Test Ban Treaty
• Why was Khrushchev removed from power in 1964?

  Due to his erratic policies and failures
• What did the USSR do after Khrushchev's removal?

  Expanded its nuclear forces rapidly
• What state did the world reach by 1970 regarding nuclear weapons?

  Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)