Biology (organisation)

• How many major organ systems are in the human body?

  11 major organ systems
• What are the 11 human organ systems?

  • Digestive System
  • Muscular System
  • Circulatory System
  • Respiratory System
  • Skeletal System
  • Integumentary System
  • Lymphatic & Immune System
  • Endocrine System
  • Urinary System
  • Nervous System
  • Reproductive System
• What is the role of organs in the human digestive system?

  They work together to digest and absorb food
• What compounds are broken down in the human digestive system?

  Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
• What is the function of enzymes in digestion?

  They coordinate the breakdown of food compounds
• What enzyme in saliva breaks down starch?

  Amylase
• What does the oesophagus do?

  It carries food from the mouth to the stomach
• What is the role of the liver in digestion?

  It makes bile to break down fats
• Where is bile stored?

  In the gall bladder
• What does the pancreas secrete?

  Enzymes that break down food substances
• What does the rectum do in the digestive system?

  Stores waste before expulsion
• What are the four food types mentioned?

  • Complex carbohydrates
  • Proteins
  • Lipids (Fats)
• What is bile's role in the digestive system?

  It emulsifies fats and neutralizes acid
• Why is the correct pH important for enzyme function?

  It ensures enzymes work properly
• What happens to large fat droplets in digestion?

  They are emulsified into smaller droplets
• What are the end products of digestion for carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids?

  Simple sugars, amino acids, glycerol and fatty acids
• What is a catalyst?

  Increases reaction rate without being used
• What is the active site of an enzyme?

  Region where substrate fits for reaction
• What is the lock and key mechanism in enzymes?

  Enzyme and substrate shapes must match
• What is the induced fit model?

  Enzyme changes shape to fit substrate
• How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

  Higher temperature increases reaction rate until damage
• What happens if pH changes too far from optimum?

  Active site bonds become damaged
• What occurs when substrate concentration increases?

  Reaction rate increases until enzymes are saturated
• What are the two main types of enzyme functions?

  1. Digestion: Break down large molecules
  2. Metabolism: All chemical reactions in an organism
• What is the first step in the heart's blood flow?

  Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
• What happens after blood enters the right atrium?

  It is pushed through the tricuspid valve
• What occurs in the lungs during blood circulation?

  Carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen
• What is the function of the aorta?

  Delivers oxygenated blood to the body
• What are the two circuits in the circulatory system?

  • Pulmonary circuit: Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs
  • Systemic circuit: Carries oxygenated blood to body
• What is cardiovascular disease?

  Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels
• What is coronary heart disease?

  Common type of cardiovascular disease
• What are non-communicable diseases?

  Conditions not caused by infectious agents
• How can lifestyle factors affect health?

  They can increase disease risk significantly
• What health problems can smoking cause?

  Lung disease, cancer, and cardiovascular disease
• What health issues can arise from poor diet and obesity?

  Various cancers, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease
• What can excessive drinking lead to?

  Organ failure and damage to unborn children
• What is the impact of radiation and chemicals on health?

  They can cause various cancers
• How can a balanced diet and exercise affect health?

  They help reduce the risk of ill health
• What are the human and financial costs of non-communicable diseases?

  Lower quality of life and high treatment costs
• What causes cancer?

  Uncontrolled changes in cells leading to tumors