bioenergetics

• What is the definition of photosynthesis?

  The process where plants make glucose using light energy
• What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

  • Carbon dioxide + Water → Light → Glucose + Oxygen
• What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

  $6CO_2 +$$6H_2O \rightarrow \text{Light} \rightarrow C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2$
• Where does photosynthesis occur in plants?

  In chloroplasts
• What is one use of glucose produced in photosynthesis?

  Provides energy through respiration
• What are the uses of glucose in plants?

  • Provides energy through respiration
  • Stored as starch for later use
  • Converted to cellulose for cell walls
  • Used to make amino acids (requires nitrate ions)
  • Stored as fats or oils for seeds
• What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

  Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature
• How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

  More light increases the rate up to a limit
• What happens to enzyme activity at low temperatures during photosynthesis?

  It slows down
• What happens to enzymes at high temperatures during photosynthesis?

  They denature
• What is the formula for light intensity in relation to distance?

  Light intensity ∝ 1/distance²
• What does doubling the distance do to light intensity?

  It quarters the intensity
• What is the definition of respiration?

  The process of releasing energy from glucose
• What are the types of respiration?

  • Aerobic respiration (uses oxygen)
  • Anaerobic respiration (no oxygen)
• What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

  Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
• What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?

  Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy
• What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

  $C_6H_{12}O_6 +$$6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +$$6H_2O +$$\text{Energy (ATP)}$
• How does anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast differ from that in animals?

  It produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
• What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast?

  Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
• What happens to heart rate and breathing during exercise?

  They increase to supply more oxygen
• What is glycogen broken down into during exercise?

  Glucose for respiration
• What is oxygen debt?

  Extra oxygen needed to break down lactic acid
• What is the definition of metabolism?

  The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
• What are examples of metabolic processes?

  • Conversion of glucose to starch, glycogen, or cellulose
  • Formation of lipids (glycerol + fatty acids)
  • Use of glucose and nitrate ions to form amino acids
  • Breaking down excess proteins into urea (excreted in urine)
• What is a practical method to investigate photosynthesis?

  • Use pondweed (e.g., Elodea)
  • Count bubbles of oxygen or measure gas volume
  • Vary light distance and plot results