Biology 2 - organisation

• When does differentiation occur?


  during the development of a multicellular organism
• What is a tissue?


  A group of cells that perform a specific function.
• What does muscular tissue do?


  Contracts to move whatever its attached to
• What does a glandular tissue do?


  makes a secretes chemicals like enzymes and hormones
• What does epithelial tissue do?


  Epithelial tissue covers and protects the surfaces of the body.
• Why does muscular tissue contracts?


  to move the stomach wall to churn up the food
• Why does glandular tissue make chemicals?


  to make digestive juices to digest food
• what does the pancreas do?


  produce digestive juices
• what does the stomach and small intestine do?


  digests food
• what does the liver do?


  produces bile
• what does the small intestine do?


  absorbs soluble food molecules
• what does the large intestine do?


  absorbs water from undigested food, leaving faeces
• what does an enzyme do?


  reduce the need for high temperatures and we only have enzymes to speed up the useful chemical reactions in the body
• what is a catalyst?


  A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
• why might an enzyme not catalyse?


  if the substrate doesn't match the enzymes active site
• what does 'induced fit' mean?


  when the active site changes shape a little as the substrate binds to get a tighter fit
• what is the equation to calculate rate of reaction?


  rate of reaction=change÷time
• where does amylase take place


  the salivary glands, the pancreas, the small intestine
• where does protease take place?


  the stomach, the pancreas, the small intestine
• where does lipase take place?


  the pancreas and small intestine
• what is amylase?


  where starch is broken down to sugars (maltose)
• what is protease?


  An enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids.
• what is lipase?


  an enzyme that breaks lipids down into fatty acids
• what does the salivary glands do?


  produce amylase enzyme in the saliva
• what does the liver do?


  produces bile. bile is neutralised by stomach acid
• what does the gall bladder do?


  stores bile before its released into the small intestine
• what does the small intestine do?


  produce protease, amylase and lipase enzymes to complete digestion. food is absorbed out of the digestive system into the blood
• what does the large intestine do?


  absorbs excess water from the food
• what does the rectum do?


  Waste storage and elimination.
• what does the pancreas do?


  produce protease, amylase and lipase enzymes and releases them into the small intestine
• what to use when testing for sugars?

  Benedict's solution
• what to use when testing for starch?

  Iodine solution
• what to use when testing for proteins?


  Biuret reagent
• what to use when testing for lipids?

  Sudan III or paper test
• how do you calculate the breathing rate in breaths per minute?


  breaths per minute=number of breaths÷number of minutes
• where does gas exchange happen in the lungs?


  Alveoli
• what is the circulatory system made up of?


  heart, blood vessels and blood
• what does the right ventricle do?


  pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen. the blood then returns to the heart
• what does the left ventricle do?


  pumps oxygenated blood around all the other organs of the body. the blood gives up its oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped out to the lungs again
• what are the walls of a heart made of?

  muscle tissue