Section B

• Why do we need to apply finishes to timber?


  1. Aesthetics - Enhancing natural grain of timber and staining to match with existing materials.
  2. Protection - Easier to disinfect, less prone to fungal and waterproof.
• Why is surface preparation of timber important?


  That any imperfections in surface such as pencil marks and dents are removed by the application of a finish.
• How do you prepare a timber before you apply a finish?


  1. Start with a coarse grit paper and work way to fine glass paper.
  2. If surface has natural grain pattern, important to sand in direction of grain.
  3. Wrap paper in wood block and ensure dust is cleared from surface.
• What is tantalising?


  1. Process of forcing wood preservative into the cell structure of timber under pressure in vacuum.
  2. Protects wood from fungal/insect attack and delay onset of rot.
• What are the four types of finishes?


  1. Wax - Adds shine to surface and provides protection.
  2. Oil - Adds shine to surface and provides protections.
  3. Stain - Changes colour of wood and adds little protection.
  4. Paint - Adds solid colour to wood.
• What is nesting?


  Fitting irregular shapes as close together as possible.
• What is tessellating?


  Arranging items to be cut so that when fitted together, as many possible can be cut out of material.
• Define the term stock form?


  When raw materials are processed and turned into useable material, given specific sizes and can buy and adapt to a particular need.
• Advantages of stock forms?


  1. Ensures consistency.
  2. Saves time.
  3. Easier to transport.
  4. Less waste - designs often made to fit standard forms.
• Examples of stock forms?

  1. Strip - Under 100mm wide and 50mm thick.
  2. Square - Up to 150mm thick.
  3. Board - Over 100mm wide and up to 50mm thick.
  4. Plank - Up to 375mm wide and over 50mm thick.
  5. Dowel - 3mm-50mm
• Standard size for manufactured boards is 2440mm by 1220mm.
• What can be added to improve apperance of manufactured board?

  Veneer
• What are the different properties of hardwoods?


  1. Ash - Pale brown/cream colour, tough, flexible, shock resistance.
  2. Beech - Dense grain, strong, tough.
  3. Mahogany - Reddish-brown colour, strong, durable.
  4. Oak - Light brown, hard, tough, durable
  5. Balsa - Pale white/cream colour, soft
• What are the different uses of hardwoods?


  Ash - Sports equipment and tool handles.

  Beech - Furniture, bench tops.

  Mahogany - Panelling, joinery.

  Oak - High quality furniture, flooring.

  Balsa - Prototyping, model making.
• Define the term deforestation?


  Large areas of forest are destroyed to harvest wood and make way for farm land.
• List the four effects of deforestation?


  1. Fewer trees = less food and less habitat for wild animals.
  2. With fewer animals = less animals to hunt and eat.
  3. Less carbon dioxide converted to oxygen meaning more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
• Define the term drilling?


  Used to extract liquid or gas from underneath Earth's surface, on land or sea.
• How does drilling work?


  Borehole drilled into Earth's crust to reach pockets of the resource.
• What are the positives and negative of drilling?


  P1 - Employment

  P2 - Availability of energy

  N1 - Pipe leakage

  N2 - Destruction of landscape in order to access source.
• What are the effects of farming?

  1. Methane emissions from livestock.
  2. Organic materials release methane when they decompose.
  3. Greenhouse gas emissions generated from farming.
  4. Huge areas of forest destroyed for farming.
  5. Pesticides and chemicals, used on crops can harm the land and wildlife.
• Define the term mining?


  Removal of minerals and metals from earth.
• What are the two types of mining?


  1. Underground mining - lead to instability on surface.
  2. Surface mining - Tends to scar landscape and destroy habitats.
• Give the positives and negatives of mining?


  P1 - Employment

  P2 - Availability of coal to produce heat and energy.

  N1 - Soil erosion & Sink holes

  N2 - Deforestation