Natural Moral Law

• Who claimed that everything has a purpose (telos)?

  Aristotle
• What does achieving one's final cause mean according to Aristotle?

  It signifies being morally good
• How does Aristotle illustrate the concept of purpose with a knife?

  A good knife cuts well
• What did Cicero state about law?

  One eternal and unchangeable law
• What did the Stoics believe about morality?

  It should align with the universe's design
• Who developed Natural Moral Law (NML) into an ethical theory?

  Aquinas
• According to Aquinas, what is the purpose of humans?

  To live according to God's plan
• How does Aquinas view actions in relation to God?

  They are intrinsically right or wrong
• What are the primary precepts of Natural Law according to Aquinas?

  • Preservation of human life
  • Reproduction
  • Education for children
  • Worship God
  • Ordered society
• How are secondary precepts interpreted?

  According to the situation's context
• What is the difference between primary and secondary precepts?

  Primary precepts are absolute rules
• What is the role of human reason in Natural Law?

  To direct actions according to God's intentions
• What does Aquinas say about the dictate of reason?

  It is equivalent to condemning God's command
• How does human nature relate to reason according to Vardy and Grosch?

  It enables understanding of right and wrong
• What did Gill say about human reason?

  Humans are fallible in practical reason
• What are 'apparent goods' according to Aquinas?

  Flaws in human reason seeking false goods
• What is the significance of internal intention and external act?

  Both are equally important in morality
• What does Bowie state about good intentions?

  They don't always lead to good actions
• What is the Doctrine of Double Effect focused on?

  Primary intentions of actions
• What must be present if a bad effect is foreseen?

  A proportionate reason for the action
• What is the difference between direct acts and indirect omissions?

  Direct acts involve intentional actions
• What did Philippa Foot suggest about moral actions?

  We should consider the difference in morality
• What is casuistry according to Thompson?

  A system applying fixed principles to situations
• What did Aquinas believe about not following NML?

  It is acceptable if the majority do
• What is proportionalism developed by Bernard Hoose?

  A flexible approach to moral rules
• What did Vardy and Grosch say about going against rules?

  It requires a proportionate reason
• What happened to proportionalism in 1993?

  It was condemned by the RCC