Biology (homeostasis and response)

• What is the main function of enzymes in metabolism?

  Control all living processes
• Why is maintaining a constant body temperature important for metabolism?

  It enables metabolism to work effectively
• What is the normal human body temperature?

  37°C
• Where is internal body temperature detected in humans?

  In the brain's hypothalamus
• What role do sensory receptors in the skin play in temperature regulation?

  They provide information about external temperature
• How does the body respond when temperature rises?

  Through a negative feedback mechanism
• What happens to sweat glands when body temperature is too low?

  No sweat is secreted
• What do hair erector muscles do when body temperature is too low?

  Contract to raise hairs for insulation
• What is secreted by sweat glands when body temperature is too high?

  Sweat
• What is the role of blood vessels near the skin's surface when body temperature is too high?

  Constrict to reduce heat loss
• What is the function of the pituitary gland?

  Secretes hormones to stimulate other glands
• What hormones does the thyroid gland produce?

  Hormones that regulate metabolism
• What do adrenal glands secrete in response to danger?

  Adrenaline
• What hormones do the ovaries produce?

  Oestrogen and progesterone
• What is the primary function of insulin produced by the pancreas?

  Regulate blood glucose levels
• What is a common cause of kidney failure?

  Diabetes
• What are early symptoms of kidney failure?

  Subtle and may include fatigue
• How is kidney failure diagnosed?

  Through blood tests and imaging scans
• What is one treatment option for kidney failure?

  Dialysis
• What is the shape of the kidneys?

  Bean-shaped
• What do the kidneys regulate besides waste removal?

  Blood pressure and red blood cell production
• What is a symptom of kidney failure?

  Swelling in legs and ankles
• What can cause kidney failure besides diabetes?

  High blood pressure
• What hormones control the menstrual cycle?

  Oestrogen and progesterone
• What is the role of barrier contraception?

  Prevents sperm from reaching the egg
• What is the purpose of condoms in contraception?

  Prevent sperm entering the vagina
• What do IUDs do in contraception?

  Prevent implantation of an embryo
• What is male sterilisation?

  A surgical procedure called vasectomy
• What is the purpose of barrier contraception?

  It prevents sperm from reaching the egg
• How do condoms function in contraception?

  They stop sperm entering the vagina
• What additional protection do condoms provide besides contraception?

  They protect against most STDs
• What are diaphragms used for in contraception?

  To prevent sperm from entering the uterus
• How do diaphragms work effectively?

  They are often covered in spermicidal agents
• What is an intrauterine device (IUD)?

  A T-shaped coil inserted into the uterus
• What is one function of some IUDs?

  They damage sperm so they cannot reach the egg
• What do hormonal IUDs release?

  Hormones that prevent egg release
• What is sterilisation in terms of contraception?

  A permanent form of contraception
• What is male sterilisation also known as?

  Vasectomy
• What does female sterilisation involve?

  Tying or cutting the fallopian tubes
• What is one method to prevent pregnancy without artificial contraception?

  Abstaining from intercourse during ovulation