Aggression

• What is hostile/reactive aggression?

  Intention to harm outside game rules
• Why should hostile/reactive aggression be eliminated from sports?

  It often includes anger and harm
• What is assertion in sports?

  Non-harmful actions within game rules
• How does assertion depend on the sport?

  It varies by game type and rules
• What is channeled/instrumental aggression?

  Robust play aimed at skill completion
• What is a key characteristic of channeled/instrumental aggression?

  Injury may occur, but anger is absent
• What are the major causes of aggression in sports and academics?

  • Perceived unfairness in a game
  • Frustration of performance
  • Aggression outside of sport
  • Excessive pressure to win
  • Copying behaviors of other players
  • Nature of the game (e.g., ice hockey)
  • Reaction to hostile crowd
• What does instinct theory suggest about aggression?

  Aggression is a natural human response
• How does sport provide an outlet for aggression according to instinct theory?

  It allows tension release in a controlled way
• What is a characteristic of aggressive sportspeople?

  They may also be aggressive outside sports
• What does social learning theory state about aggression?

  Aggression is learned from the environment
• How is aggressive behavior reinforced according to social learning theory?

  By observing significant others acting aggressively
• What are the effects of frustration on aggression according to the theories discussed?

  • MORE: Frustration leads to increased aggression
  • LESS: Success leads to catharsis and reduced aggression
• What is the frustration theory's sequence leading to aggression?

  Drive to goal → Obstacle → Frustration → Aggression
• What does the frustration theory argue about the occurrence of aggression?

  Aggression occurs when a person is frustrated
• What are the counterarguments against frustration theory?

  Aggression can occur without frustration present
• What is the aggressive cue hypothesis?

  Cues must be present for aggression to occur
• What happens when an athlete experiences frustration according to the aggressive cue hypothesis?

  Increased arousal can lead to aggression
• What are the methods to control aggression in sports?

  1. Goal setting
  2. Punish aggressive acts
  3. Reward non-aggressive acts
  4. Point out player responsibility
  5. Use relaxation techniques
• How can officials limit aggression in sports?

  1. Assert control from the start
  2. Enforce rules correctly
  3. Be consistent
  4. Punish aggressive acts immediately
• What strategies can control spectator aggression?

  • Promote positive role models
  • Limit alcohol consumption
  • Restrict seating areas
  • Reduce rivalry levels
  • Ensure good quality refereeing
  • Coaches should not encourage violence
  • Provide responsible media coverage