impact of eu law

• what is direct effect?


  who an individual can enforce EU law against
• what are the 2 types of direct effect?


  vertical and horizontal
• what does vertical direct effect involve?


  when individuals can challenge the state or public authorities if they don't implement a directive properly
• what does horizontal effect involve?


  when individuals can challenge individuals & private organisations if they don't implement a directive properly
• give the evidence that constructed the criteria for establishing direct effect


  Van Gend en loos 1963
• what were the criteria within this?

  EU law must be:

  - sufficiently clear & precise

  - unconditional (not require further legislative action)

  - an identifiable right (granted by the EU on which the citizen can rely)