Geography Physical

• What is the main focus of paper one in the physical geography exam?

  Natural hazards, living world, physical landscapes
• Which section should you choose in the living world part of the exam?

  Cold environments, not deserts
• What sections will you answer questions on in the physical landscape part?

  Coasts and rivers, not glacial landscapes
• What is a natural hazard?

  A natural process causing harm to humans
• How can natural hazards be categorized?

  By type, such as tectonic or atmospheric
• Give an example of a tectonic hazard.

  Earthquakes
• What is an example of a geological hazard?

  Landslides
• What is an example of an atmospheric hazard?

  Hurricanes
• What are the layers of the Earth from outermost to innermost?

  Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
• What is the thickness of the Earth's crust beneath the ocean?

  About 5 to 10 kilometers
• What is the mantle's thickness?

  About 2,900 kilometers thick
• What causes convection currents in the mantle?

  Heat from radioactive decay in the core
• How do convection currents affect tectonic plates?

  They create drag on the base of plates
• What is a destructive plate margin?

  Where crust is being destroyed
• What happens at a destructive plate margin?

  One plate is subducted beneath another
• What is a constructive plate margin?

  Where new crust is created
• What occurs at a conservative plate margin?

  Plates slide past each other
• What is the focus of an earthquake?

  The point where energy is released
• What is the epicenter of an earthquake?

  The point directly above the focus
• What are seismic waves?

  Energy radiating outwards from the focus
• What can be done to manage earthquake risks?

  Build earthquake-resistant structures
• What is one method to predict earthquakes?

  Using seismometers
• What is the Gawker earthquake case study?

  A 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Nepal
• What is a primary effect of an earthquake?

  Immediate impact from the earthquake
• What is a secondary effect of an earthquake?

  Impact occurring after the initial event
• What is a lahar?

  Fast flowing mud from a volcano
• What is pyroclastic flow?

  Superheated gas from a volcanic eruption
• Why might people continue to live in hazardous areas?

  Benefits like fertile soil and tourism
• What are the three cells in global atmospheric circulation?

  Hadley, Ferrel, and Polar cells
• What happens at low pressure systems?

  Hot air rises, causing stormy weather
• What happens at high pressure systems?

  Cold air sinks, creating calm weather
• What is the general rule about wind direction?

  Winds blow from high to low pressure
• What are the primary and secondary effects of earthquakes?

  • Primary effects: Immediate impacts like building damage
  • Secondary effects: Long-term impacts like landslides and disease
• What are the differences between LICs and HICs in earthquake response?

  • LICs: Limited resources, slower recovery
  • HICs: Better resources, faster recovery
• What are the characteristics of tropical storms?

  • Different names based on location
  • Form over warm ocean waters
  • Cause heavy rainfall and strong winds
• What is global atmospheric circulation?

  • Movement of air in three cells
  • Influences weather patterns globally
  • Involves rising and sinking air
• What are the impacts of volcanic eruptions?

  • Ash clouds can disrupt air travel
  • Lahars can destroy infrastructure
  • Pyroclastic flows can cause fatalities
• What are the management strategies for earthquake hazards?

  • Building earthquake-resistant structures
  • Public education and awareness
  • Predictive technologies like seismometers
• What are the differences between immediate and long-term responses to earthquakes?

  • Immediate responses: Rescue and relief efforts
  • Long-term responses: Reconstruction and recovery
• What are the effects of earthquakes on communities?

  • Loss of life and injuries
  • Damage to infrastructure
  • Economic impacts and displacement