Drug Development and Testing

• What are the two main uses of drugs?

  Relieve symptoms and help cure diseases
• What is the focus of this video compared to the last one?

  The processes of drug development and testing
• What have microorganisms and plants evolved to produce?

  A range of substances that kill pathogens
• How can substances from microorganisms and plants be used in medicine?

  Used directly or modified in a lab
• What are three examples of drugs derived from natural sources?

  • Aspirin from willow tree bark
  • Digitalis from foxglove plants
  • Penicillin from penicillium fungus
• What is aspirin commonly used for?

  To lower fevers and relieve pain
• What is digitalis used to treat?

  Heart problems like heart failure
• Who discovered penicillin?

  Alexander Fleming
• What did Fleming observe in his lab that led to the discovery of penicillin?

  A fungus killed surrounding bacteria colonies
• What are the three main aspects to consider when testing drugs?

  Efficacy, toxicity, and dosage
• What does efficacy refer to in drug testing?

  How well the drug produces the desired effect
• What does toxicity refer to in drug testing?

  How harmful the drug is to the body
• What does dosage refer to in drug testing?

  The amount or concentration of the drug given
• What is the first stage of drug testing?

  Testing on human cells and tissues in a lab
• What is a downside of testing drugs on human cells and tissues?

  It doesn't show effects on entire organisms
• What is the second stage of drug testing?

  Testing on live animals
• Why are live animals used in drug testing?

  To understand efficacy and toxicity in mammals
• What are the first two stages of drug testing classified as?

  Pre-clinical testing
• What happens during the clinical testing stage?

  The drug is given to humans for testing
• What is the first step in clinical testing?

  Giving the drug to healthy volunteers
• What is the goal of increasing the dose during clinical testing?

  To find the maximum dosage before side effects
• What is the aim when giving the drug to sick patients?

  To find the optimum dosage for efficacy
• What is a placebo?

  A substance that looks like the drug but has no effect
• Why are clinical trials conducted as blind or double-blind?

  To avoid unconscious bias in reporting results
• What happens after drug testing is complete?

  The results are written up and peer-reviewed
• What is the purpose of peer-review in drug testing?

  To ensure tests were fair and valid
• What is the main topic of the video?

  The processes of drug development and testing
• What should viewers do if they think longer videos work fine?

  Let the creators know in the comments