1.6 Legal and Ethics

• What is the purpose of the slides mentioned in the study material?

  To develop awareness of ethical issues
• Why is it impossible to revise every ethical, social, and cultural issue for an exam?

  Because of the vast number of potential issues
• What are the areas of impact of computing that should be discussed?

  • Ethics
  • Society
  • Culture
• How have computers impacted ethics?

  They have encouraged disobedience of agreed behavior
• In what way has computing changed society?

  It has altered organization and relationships
• How has computing affected cultural expression?

  It has changed how societies express thoughts and art
• What is required to evaluate the impact of Computer Science?

  Understanding of legal, ethical, cultural, and environmental issues
• What perspective should be considered when evaluating issues in Computer Science?

  The perspective of various stakeholders involved
• What should be included in the planning of responses to Level-of-Response questions?

  A grid with bullet points for each element
• What elements should be considered when planning responses?

  • Stakeholders
  • Technologies
  • Ethical, legal, cultural, and environmental concerns
  • Solutions
• What is the purpose of Level-of-Response questions?

  To assess understanding in essay format
• What should you do to avoid limiting your marks in Level-of-Response questions?

  Evaluate and express opinions on issues
• How can you prepare for ethical questions in exams?

  Read technology news articles regularly
• Who are stakeholders in the context of technology issues?

  People or organizations involved with an issue
• Who are some stakeholders in online movie streaming businesses?

  • Shareholders
  • Customers
  • Traditional broadcasters
  • Film writers, directors, actors
  • Movie studios
  • Advertisers
  • Technologists
  • Internet service providers
• What ethical dilemmas does computing raise?

  Issues like streaming movies illegally and AI job loss
• What should you aim for when writing about ethics in exams?

  Present a balanced argument with evidence
• What is the Digital Divide?

  • Disparity in access to computers and the Internet
  • Affects education and business opportunities
• What is Net Neutrality?

  • Principle that all data packets are treated equally
  • Threatened by companies paying ISPs for prioritization
• What is censorship in the context of the Internet?

  Limiting citizens' online access by governments
• What are some positive aspects of censorship?

  Protecting children from harmful content
• What ethical issues are raised by factory working conditions?

  Low wages and long hours for workers
• What is the impact of online tracking on privacy?

  It allows easy tracking of online activities
• Why do governments track citizens' online behavior?

  For national interest or security concerns
• What is e-waste?

  Discarded electronic devices
• What are the causes of e-waste generation?

  • Consumers replacing working devices
  • Difficult-to-repair designs
  • Planned obsolescence
  • Use of low-quality components
• What does the WEEE directive regulate?

  Safe disposal and recycling of e-waste
• What happens to e-waste sent to countries with less strict rules?

  Toxic chemicals can contaminate food and water
• What natural resources are used in electronic devices?

  • Plastics from crude oil
  • Chemicals like lead and lithium in batteries
  • Rare minerals like gold and copper in chips
• What is the energy consumption of data centers in the US?

  70 billion kWh each year
• What is the impact of server virtualization?

  It optimizes server usage and reduces waste
• What factors does Greenpeace evaluate in its annual report?

  • Energy required for production
  • Repairability and shelf life of products
  • Energy consumption of the company
  • Use of precious raw materials
  • Amount of toxic materials
• How have companies like Apple responded to environmental pressures?

  By improving their environmental footprint
• How much energy do US data centers consume annually?

  70 billion kWh
• What percentage of the US's total power consumption is used by data centers?

  Nearly 2%
• What factors does Greenpeace consider in its annual report on electronics companies?

  • Energy required to produce devices
  • Repairability or shelf life of products
  • Amount of energy used by the company
  • Use of precious raw materials
  • Amount of toxic or non-recyclable materials
• How has Apple's environmental footprint changed over the years?

  It has improved considerably
• What is a key focus when discussing technology's impact on the environment?

  • Solutions technology provides
  • Issues technology raises
• What is one positive impact of technology on climate change monitoring?

  Computer modelling allows prediction of climate effects
• How do computer models contribute to renewable energy sources?

  They test and improve efficiency