gender

• What is the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI)?

  • A measure of androgyny
  • Participants rate themselves on 60 traits
  • Scores on masculinity and femininity dimensions
• What traits are included in the BSRI?

  20 masculine, 20 feminine, and 20 neutral traits.
• What is the focus of the video on gender for AQA level paper?

  It covers the main content of the gender unit.
• What is the difference between sex and gender?

  Sex refers to biological differences; gender refers to psychological traits.
• What is a sexual stereotype?

  A culturally shared set of expectations for behavior.
• What does androgyny mean?

  Having a balanced mixture of masculine and feminine traits.
• What did Bem argue about androgynous individuals?

  They are more psychologically healthy than others.
• What percentage of males and females were found to be androgynous in Bem's study?

  24% of males and 27% of females.
• What is the undifferentiated type in the BSRI?

  Individuals with few masculine or feminine traits.
• What does high test-retest reliability of the BSRI indicate?

  It produces consistent results over time.
• How can awareness of gender identity reduce stereotyping?

  It separates gender identity from biological sex.
• What did Smith and Lloyd find in their 1987 study?

  Adults gave toys according to sex role stereotypes.
• What did Mead find in her 1935 study?

  Examples of feminine males and masculine females in tribes.
• What determines biological sex according to chromosomes?

  The 23rd chromosome pair determines biological sex.
• What does the Y chromosome contain that affects sex determination?

  The sex-determining region that develops testes.
• What role do hormones play in gender development?

  They influence biological development and behavior.
• What is testosterone linked to in males?

  Development of male genitals and aggressive behavior.
• What is the function of estrogen in females?

  It regulates menstruation and develops female characteristics.
• What is oxytocin known as?

  The love hormone that promotes bonding.
• What did Van Bechavel find regarding gender identity in twins?

  70% of variance linked to genetics.
• What did Wagner's study on castrated male mice reveal?

  Testosterone reinstated aggressive behavior after castration.
• What are atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  Variations in the 23rd chromosome pair from typical patterns.
• What is Klinefelter syndrome?

  XXY pattern affecting biological males.
• What are the psychological effects of Turner syndrome?

  High verbal skills but low visual ability.
• What is a limitation of using research on atypical sex chromosome patterns?

  They are statistically rare and may have unique experiences.
• What are the stages of cognitive gender development according to Kohlberg?

  1. Gender Identity (2-3 years)
  2. Gender Stability (4-5 years)
  3. Gender Consistency (over 5 years)
• What is the first stage of gender identity development?

  Children recognize their own gender.
• What happens in the gender stability stage?

  Children understand their gender is fixed over time.
• What is the significance of same-gender role models after the consistency stage?

  Children identify with and imitate same-gender individuals.
• What is gender schema theory?

  It suggests children develop mental representations of gender behaviors.
• At what age do children start developing gender schemas?

  Around two years old.
• What are in-groups and out-groups in gender schema theory?

  In-groups are the child's gender; out-groups are the opposite gender.
• What did Martin and Little find regarding children's preferences for toys?

  Children showed strong preferences for gender-appropriate toys.
• What does social learning theory suggest about gender behavior?

  It is learned through observation and reinforcement.
• What is vicarious reinforcement in social learning theory?

  Learning by observing others being rewarded.
• How does differential reinforcement work?

  Boys are praised for competitive behavior; girls for quiet play.
• What did Smith and Lloyd's study reveal about gendered behavior in infants?

  Infants were given toys based on their clothing gender.
• What is the role of media in shaping gender roles?

  Media reinforces culturally approved gender stereotypes.
• What did Mead's research support regarding culture and gender roles?

  It showed evidence of non-western gender roles.
• How does cultural change affect media representations of gender roles?

  Media reflects cultural changes in gender roles.